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Bio finals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mitosis | the process of cell division (4 phases) |
| Which organisms use mitosis as their way to reproduce? | Unicellular eukaryotes + some multicellular organisms |
| A cell’s ______ must be replicated before a cell begins mitosis | Genome |
| Organism’s genome | all of their chromosomes inherited from 1 or 2 parents |
| A genome of living things is organized into _______. Each ________ is made up of a DNA molecule and associated proteins | Chromosomes |
| -3 things that mitosis does for multicellular organisms like us? | Growth, repair, maintenance/replacement |
| Diploid cells have _ sets of chromosomes | 2 |
| Haploid cells have _ set of chromosomes | 1 |
| What are the only cells humans make that are haploid? | gametes like eggs and sperm |
| Meiosis differs from mitosis: during mitosis one cell divides into two genetically _______ cells (clones). Meiosis causes a diploid cell to divide into 4 haploid cell | Identical |
| Meiosis involves 2 rounds of ____ ______, Meiosis I and Meiosis II, resulting in 4 haploid daughter cells from a diploid stem cell | Cell division |
| Oogonia | are the diploid cells in the ovary that go through meiosis to form eggs |
| Primary spermatocytes | are the diploid cells that give rise to spermatozoa |
| Crossing over during Meiosis 1 creates new genetic _____ when homologous chromosomes pair up and can exchange sections of their non-sister chromatids | Combinations |
| Aneuploidy | Cell is missing or has extra chromosomes |
| Aneuploidy | When chromosomes don't separate properly during meiosis |
| What is trisomy 21 and what causes it? | where a person has 3 copies of chromosome 21 instead of two.It causes Down syndrome. |
| Gene | A segment of DNA that contains instructions |
| -Alleles | Different versions of the same gene |
| What does it mean if alleles of a gene have a dominant/recessive relationship? | The dominant allele determines the phenotype in individuals. |
| Codominant alleles | Both versions of a gene that are equally expressed |
| -What does it mean if alleles have incomplete dominance over each other? | The phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotype |
| What is an individual’s genotype for a specific gene? | The combination of alleles |
| -Phenotype | observable trait or physical expression of a gene |
| homozygote | an individual with two identical alleles for a gene |
| What does it mean if a trait or characteristic is polygenetic? | It is controlled by multiple genes |
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