Question 1

Adventitious Buds

Accepted Answer

Root or shoot buds that develop in unusual places

Question 2

1. Stump Sprouts
2. Layering
3. Fragmentation
4. Root Suckers

Accepted Answer

Vegetative Reproduction Strategies (4)

Question 3

R-selected Species

Accepted Answer

Small numerous seeds, rapid growth, short-lived, small-sized, early reproduction, long dispersal distance, wind dispersed

Question 4

K-selected Species

Accepted Answer

Large and few seeds, slow growth, long-lived, large-sized, late reproduction, short dispersal distances, animal dispersed

Question 5

1. Protect seeds prom predation/damage prior to fire
2. Protect seeds from fire
3. Access to exposed mineral soil
4. Low competition levels after fire

Accepted Answer

Cone Serotiny Adaptations to Fire (4)

Question 6

1. Scarification
2. Fire
3. Temperature
4. Chemical

Accepted Answer

Cues that dormant seeds use to break dormancy (4)

Question 7

Recruitment

Accepted Answer

Tree seedlings have reached breast height (does not equal total age from germination)

Question 8

Advance Regeneration

Accepted Answer

Regeneration in advance of canopy disturbance. Common in shade tolerant species

Question 9

Insolation and Lattitude

Accepted Answer

High latitudes receive less solar energy per unit area and have lower average temperatures more than solar regions. Light passes through more atmosphere and is spread over a larger area.

Question 10

Albedo

Accepted Answer

Percent of incoming light reflected into space.

Question 11

Leaf Area Index

Accepted Answer

total one-sided leaf area per unit ground surface area (one square meter)

Question 12

Basal Area

Accepted Answer

Sum of the cross-sectional area of tree stems measured 4.5 feet above ground level (DBH)

Question 13

Fundamental Niche

Accepted Answer

Niche potentially occupied by a species (potential niche)

Question 14

Realized Niche

Accepted Answer

Niche actually occupied by a species

Question 15

Shannon Diversity Indices

Accepted Answer

Way to measure diversity of species in a community

Question 16

1.  Nurse Log
2. Substrate for saproxylic species
3. Habitat for vertebrate
4. Carbon Storage
5.  Erosion control

Accepted Answer

Deadwood Significance (5)

Question 17

Saproxylic Species

Accepted Answer

Species that require deadwood at one or all stages of their life cycle

Question 18

1. Phenols
2. Terpenes
3. Alkaloids

Accepted Answer

Secondary Substances (3)

Question 19

No Modern Analogue

Accepted Answer

Paleoecology has shown that individual tree species migrated independently of each other, not as one stable community

Question 20

1. Rounding Diameters
2. Frad
3. Species Favoritism
4. Not pre-settlement

Accepted Answer

Shortcomings of GLO Surveys (4)

Question 21

Type II Chronosequence

Accepted Answer

Assembles inventory data from series of sites representing different times since disturbance

Question 22

Clements Succession Model

Accepted Answer

Plant communities can be viewed as super-organisms, vegetation reaches climax state with a predictable species composition

Question 23

Gleason Succession Model

Accepted Answer

Individualistic, succession depends on the behavior and tolerance of individual species

Question 24

Disturbance

Accepted Answer

A more or less discrete event that alters vegetation structure, composition, or ecological processes

Question 25

Stress

Accepted Answer

A persistent episode of suboptimal conditions

Question 26

Intensity

Accepted Answer

The physical force of the disturbance

Question 27

Severity

Accepted Answer

The impact to the ecosystem

Question 28

1. Height
2. Placement
3. Tapering (buttress)
4. Spread of roots in soil
5. Soil dryness

Accepted Answer

Tree Characteristics cause Blow overs (5)

Question 29

Surface Fire

Accepted Answer

Fire that consumes surface litter (fine fuel) and above-ground portions of herbs, etc.

Question 30

Ground Fire

Accepted Answer

Smoldering fire that burns slowly through subsurface OM underground

Question 31

Crown Fire

Accepted Answer

Fire that burns through tree crowns

Question 32

Ladder Fuels

Accepted Answer

Trees that transfer surface-fire flames to crown

Question 33

1. More even spread of annual precipitation
2. Droughts are not in the hot summer months
3. More mild summers

Accepted Answer

Why are Forest Fires Infrequent in New England (3)

Question 34

1. Climate Change
2. Fire suppression/fuel buildup
3. Invasive Species

Accepted Answer

Why has there been an increase in fire frequency in the Western US? (3)

Question	Answer
Adventitious Buds	Root or shoot buds that develop in unusual places
1. Stump Sprouts 2. Layering 3. Fragmentation 4. Root Suckers	Vegetative Reproduction Strategies (4)
R-selected Species	Small numerous seeds, rapid growth, short-lived, small-sized, early reproduction, long dispersal distance, wind dispersed
K-selected Species	Large and few seeds, slow growth, long-lived, large-sized, late reproduction, short dispersal distances, animal dispersed
1. Protect seeds prom predation/damage prior to fire 2. Protect seeds from fire 3. Access to exposed mineral soil 4. Low competition levels after fire	Cone Serotiny Adaptations to Fire (4)
1. Scarification 2. Fire 3. Temperature 4. Chemical	Cues that dormant seeds use to break dormancy (4)
Recruitment	Tree seedlings have reached breast height (does not equal total age from germination)
Advance Regeneration	Regeneration in advance of canopy disturbance. Common in shade tolerant species
Insolation and Lattitude	High latitudes receive less solar energy per unit area and have lower average temperatures more than solar regions. Light passes through more atmosphere and is spread over a larger area.
Albedo	Percent of incoming light reflected into space.
Leaf Area Index	total one-sided leaf area per unit ground surface area (one square meter)
Basal Area	Sum of the cross-sectional area of tree stems measured 4.5 feet above ground level (DBH)
Fundamental Niche	Niche potentially occupied by a species (potential niche)
Realized Niche	Niche actually occupied by a species
Shannon Diversity Indices	Way to measure diversity of species in a community
1. Nurse Log 2. Substrate for saproxylic species 3. Habitat for vertebrate 4. Carbon Storage 5. Erosion control	Deadwood Significance (5)
Saproxylic Species	Species that require deadwood at one or all stages of their life cycle
1. Phenols 2. Terpenes 3. Alkaloids	Secondary Substances (3)
No Modern Analogue	Paleoecology has shown that individual tree species migrated independently of each other, not as one stable community
1. Rounding Diameters 2. Frad 3. Species Favoritism 4. Not pre-settlement	Shortcomings of GLO Surveys (4)
Type II Chronosequence	Assembles inventory data from series of sites representing different times since disturbance
Clements Succession Model	Plant communities can be viewed as super-organisms, vegetation reaches climax state with a predictable species composition
Gleason Succession Model	Individualistic, succession depends on the behavior and tolerance of individual species
Disturbance	A more or less discrete event that alters vegetation structure, composition, or ecological processes
Stress	A persistent episode of suboptimal conditions
Intensity	The physical force of the disturbance
Severity	The impact to the ecosystem
1. Height 2. Placement 3. Tapering (buttress) 4. Spread of roots in soil 5. Soil dryness	Tree Characteristics cause Blow overs (5)
Surface Fire	Fire that consumes surface litter (fine fuel) and above-ground portions of herbs, etc.
Ground Fire	Smoldering fire that burns slowly through subsurface OM underground
Crown Fire	Fire that burns through tree crowns
Ladder Fuels	Trees that transfer surface-fire flames to crown
1. More even spread of annual precipitation 2. Droughts are not in the hot summer months 3. More mild summers	Why are Forest Fires Infrequent in New England (3)
1. Climate Change 2. Fire suppression/fuel buildup 3. Invasive Species	Why has there been an increase in fire frequency in the Western US? (3)

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Forestry Exam 1