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micro

QuestionAnswer
What is virulence? Degree of pathogenicity (how severe a disease is)
What is toxicity? Ability of a toxin to cause harm
What is ID50? Number of microbes needed to infect 50% of a population
What is LD50? Amount of toxin needed to kill 50% of a population
What does a lower ID50 mean? The microbe is more virulent
What does a lower LD50 mean? The toxin is more toxic
Which measures virulence, ID50 or LD50? ID50
Which measures toxin potency, ID50 or LD50? LD50
What is an exotoxin? Protein toxin secreted by bacteria
What is an endotoxin? Lipid A portion of LPS from Gram-negative bacteria
Which toxins can be made into toxoids? Exotoxins
Which toxins are detected by the LAL test? Endotoxins
What does the Limulus (LAL) test detect? Endotoxins
What organism is used in the LAL test? Horseshoe crab
What happens in a positive LAL test? Clot formation
Which bacteria produce endotoxin? Gram-negative bacteria
What are cytopathic effects (CPE)? Visible changes in host cells caused by viruses
What is an inclusion body? Abnormal structure in virus-infected cells
What is a syncytium? Fusion of infected cells into a multinucleated cell
What does oncogenic mean? Capable of causing cancer
What are oncogenic viruses? Viruses that can cause cancer
What does acellular mean? Not made of cells
Why are viruses not considered living? They lack ribosomes, organelles, and ATP production
What genetic material do viruses contain? DNA or RNA, never both
What does obligate intracellular parasite mean? Must live and reproduce inside a host cell
What are the three main shapes of viruses? Helical, polyhedral, complex
Which virus shape does not fit other categories? Complex
What is the lytic cycle? Viral replication that kills the host cell
What is the lysogenic cycle? Viral DNA integrates into host DNA without killing the cell
What is a prophage? Integrated viral DNA in a host cell
Which cycle kills the host cell? Lytic cycle
Which cycle allows the virus to remain dormant? Lysogenic cycle
Can lysogenic viruses switch cycles? Yes, they can switch to lytic
What is a nosocomial infection? Infection acquired in a healthcare setting
What is another name for nosocomial infection? Healthcare-associated infection (HAI)
What is the purpose of Koch’s postulates? To identify the cause of an infectious disease
What is epidemiology? Study of disease spread in populations
What does sporadic mean? Disease occurs occasionally
What does endemic mean? Disease constantly present in a population
What does epidemic mean? Sudden increase in disease cases in one area
What does pandemic mean? Worldwide epidemic
What is normal microbiota? Microorganisms permanently living on the body
What is transient microbiota? Temporary microorganisms picked up from the environment
How does normal microbiota protect us? Competes with pathogens and limits their growth
What is a fomite? Nonliving object that transmits disease
What is an emerging infectious disease? A new or increasing infectious disease
What is a predisposing factor? Anything that increases susceptibility to disease
Give examples of predisposing factors. Age, fatigue, nutrition, stress, lack of vaccination
What is a reservoir of disease? Natural habitat where a pathogen lives
What are types of reservoirs? Human, animal, nonliving
What is a zoonosis? Disease transmitted from animals to humans
What is an acute disease? Rapid onset and short duration
What is a chronic disease? Slow onset and long-lasting
What is a subacute disease? Between acute and chronic
Created by: mahak
 

 



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