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BIOMED 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is a controlled experiment | has one or more conditions (independent variables) and measures (dependent variables) |
| what is the independent variable | the factor you manipulate or change in an experiment to see its effect on something else, x-axis |
| what is the dependent variable | the outcome or effect that researchers measure in an experiment, y-axis |
| all living organisms have DNA. what does DNA stand for | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| where is DNA found? | DNA is found in the nucleus |
| How long would DNA be? | 6 feet |
| what are chromatins? | the strands in which DNA is packaged in that help DNA from getting twisted, and allow it to fit in a small space. The complexof DNA and proteins found in the eukaryotic nucleus |
| what are chromosomes? | when the cells are dividing to make more cells and the chromatin (DNA) becomes tightly wrapped in chromosomes |
| how many chromosomes are inside every human cell? (except sperm and egg) | 46 |
| how many PAIRS of chromosomes? | 23 |
| What are genes? | Sections of DNA along each chromosome. A gene is a section of DNA that codes for these proteins in turn determine our physical traits (like blood type) |
| approximately how many genes do humans have? | 19,000-20,000 |
| what percent of you DNA is made up of genes? | 1% |
| which chromosome is the biggest? | 1 |
| What are nucleotides? | the "building blocks" of DNA |
| what are the 4 nucleotides? | adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosin |
| What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? | Phosphate groups, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogen base) |
| what do nucleotides bond to make? | a double helix |
| What 2 parts of the nucleotide make make up the sides of the ladder? | deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups |
| which part makes each nucleotide different each time? | nitrogen base |
| which part of the nucleotide actually contains the code for how to make you? | the nitrogen base |
| adenine pairs with... | thymine |
| cytosine pairs with... | guanine |
| What are the 4 major steps in making a basic DNA fingerprint | 1. extract DNA 2. copy DNA 3. cut DNA with fragments 4. separate and compare fragments |
| How can we cut DNA into different size fragments? | with restriction enzymes from digested DNA to seperate fragments and chunks of DNA having proteins break them aparts |
| what is a recognition site? | a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is identified and cut by restriction enzymes |
| why does each person end up with different # of fragments and different fragments after using the same restriction enzyme on their DNA? | because of the natural genetic variation that exists between individuals |
| What happens after the sites are cut? fragments are seperated and compared using gel electrophoresis | fragments are seperated and compared using gel electrophoresis |
| what is gel electrophoresis? | standard laboratory technique used to separate macromolecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, primarily based on their size and electrical charge |
| RFLP | many forms of fragments |
| what types of data are usually collected on a polygraph? | a change in heart and respiratory rates |
| what is the difference between a presumptive and comfirmatory test? | presumptive-indicate possible solutions confirmatory-verifies the date |
| what are the benefits of a presumptive and confirmatory test when examining forensic evidence? | benefit of presumptive- fast---fallbacks- false positives or false negatives |
| explain the difference between a gene, genome, chromosome, nitrogenous base and nucleotide | nitrogenous bases make up nucleotides which make up a gene, which makes up chromosomes, which makes up a genome |
| what do the terms complementary and antiparallel mean concerning DNA? | Complementary refers to the specific, predictable pairing rules between the nitrogenous bases of the two DNA strands. Antiparallel describes the orientation of the two sugar-phosphate backbones within the DNA double helix. |
| what is a restriction enzyme? | a specialized protein that recognizes a specific sequence of nucleotides within a DNA molecule and cuts the DNA at that site. |
| what is a recognition sequence? how would you find one in a sequence of DNA? | a specific, short sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule that a particular enzyme, usually a restriction enzyme, or a DNA-binding protein will bind to. |
| why does DNA move and why can you observe those differing bands? | DNA molecules move when an electric current is applied because they possess a uniform net negative charge |
| explain how semi-logarithmic graph is useful in RFLP investigations | A semi-logarithmic graph is extremely useful in RFLP investigations for accurately determining the size (in base pairs) of unknown DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis |
| what is a minutia? | A minutia is a major feature of a fingerprint to compare one print to another |
| what is forensics? | the application of scientific methods, techniques, and principles to matters of law |
| false positive and false negative | A false positive is when a test result incorrectly indicates the presence of a condition or characteristic when it is absent. A false negative occurs when a test result incorrectly indicates the absence of a condition or characteristic when it is present |
| what is a centrifuge? | a common piece of laboratory equipment used to separate fluids, gases, or liquids based on their density |
| what is a micropipette? | an essential laboratory tool used to accurately and precisely measure and transfer very small volumes of liquid |
Created by:
noranaas14