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cell cycle + divisio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| asexual reproduction | only requires one parent, no genetic variation, and is faster |
| binary fission | A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells. |
| mitosis | somatic cells, identical clones, diploids, only divide once |
| meiosis | gametes, unique cells, haploid, 2 divisions = 4 cells |
| G1 | cell grows |
| CDK checkpoints | cyclins activate CDKs (kinases) to add phosphates, triggering events, while checkpoint sensors activate inhibitors (like p53) to stop CDKs, halting the cycle until repairs or readiness are confirmed. |
| S phase | DNA replication |
| G2 | Final preparation phase. Cell checks for DNA errors and begins to form centrosomes. (Prepares for Mitosis) |
| prophase (mitosis) | chromosomes condense and the spindle apparatus begins to form |
| metaphase (mitosis) | Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (metaphase plate) |
| anaphase (mitosis) | sister chromatids are pulled apart |
| telophase (mitosis) | chromosomes begin to uncoil, spindles break down, new nucleur membrane forms. |
| cytokinesis (mitosis) | 2 diploid daughter cells from division of cytoplasm, in plant cells the cell plate is formed, in animal cells there is cleavage |
| chromatin | DNA wraps around histone protein in prophase |
| chromosomes | super-coiled chromatin |
| sister chromatids | Identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S subphase of interphase. |
| homologous chromosomes | Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure |
| tetrad | structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis |
| karyotype | A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs |
| centrioles | microtubule that holds sister chromatids together |
| spindle fibers | help pull apart the cell during replication and are made up of microtubules |
| chiasmata | X-shaped regions where crossing over occurred. |
| meiosis 1 | reproduction process that halves the |
| prophase 1 | Chromosomes become visible; nuclear envelope breaks down; crossing-over occurs. |
| metaphase 1 | Paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell, independent assortment |
| anaphase 1 | homologous chromosomes are pulled apart |
| telophase 1 | 2 daughter cells are formed, each daughter cell contains only one chromosome of the homologous pair. |
| prophase 2 | Chromosomes condense, spindles form in each new cell, and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes. |
| metaphase 2 | sister chromatids line up along the center of the cell |
| anaphase 2 | sister chromatids separate (sisters separate second) |
| telophase 2 | both cells divide into 2 new cells --> 4 new cells that are haploid and unique |
| recombinant chromatids | after chromosomes cross over |
| independent assortment | possibility in how the homologous chromosomes line up (not all mom and dad on opposite sides) --> provides genetic variation |
| nondisjunction | Error in meiosis, where in anaphase in meiosis, the spindle fibers don't attach properly and so there are too many chromosomes or not enough in some cells |
| translocation | crossing over of non-homologous chromosomes in meiosis 1 |
| apoptosis | programed cell death |
| aneuploidy | having extra or missing chromosomes in a cell |
Created by:
lreynal