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GT Period 5 Terms
AmStud APUSH terms for period 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Manifest Destiny | The belief that Americans were divinely destined to expand westward across North America; It justified territorial expansion, Native American removal, and intensified conflicts over slavery |
| Railroads | A rapidly expanding transportation system connecting eastern and western states; They fueled industrial growth, national unity, and western settlement |
| Panic of 1857 | A nationwide economic depression caused by overexpansion and declining trade; It exposed weaknesses in the economy and deepened sectional divisions |
| Mountain Men | Fur trappers and explorers living in the Rocky Mountains; They mapped trails and provided knowledge that settlers later used |
| Mining Frontier | Western regions focused on extracting gold, silver, and other minerals; It attracted massive migration and created boomtown economies |
| Gold Rush | The 1848 discovery of gold in California; It caused mass migration, population growth, and rapid statehood |
| Silver Rush | Large-scale silver mining booms in the West; It encouraged settlement and strengthened western economies |
| Farming Frontier | Agricultural settlement on western lands; It expanded food production and reinforced westward expansion |
| Urban Frontier | Growing towns and cities in western territories; They became centers of trade, industry, and culture |
| Federal Land Grants | Government land given to railroads and settlers; They promoted infrastructure development and western settlement |
| John Tyler | The 10th U.S. president; He pushed for the annexation of Texas, increasing tensions over slavery |
| Oregon Territory | Land jointly occupied by the U.S. and Britain; It became a symbol of expansionist diplomacy |
| “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” | A slogan demanding full U.S. control of Oregon; It reflected strong nationalism and expansionist pressure |
| James K. Polk | The 11th U.S. president; He aggressively pursued Manifest Destiny and territorial expansion |
| Wilmot Proviso | A proposal to ban slavery in territories gained from Mexico; It intensified sectional conflict despite never passing |
| Texas | A former Mexican territory annexed by the U.S.; Its annexation led directly to war with Mexico and slavery disputes |
| Stephen F. Austin | Leader of American settlement in Texas; He helped organize Texas colonization and independence |
| Antonio López de Santa Anna | Mexican president and military leader; He led Mexico during the Texas Revolution and Mexican-American War |
| Sam Houston | Texas military commander and political leader; He led Texas to independence and supported joining the U.S. |
| Alamo | A battle site during the Texas Revolution; It became a powerful symbol of sacrifice and resistance |
| Webster-Ashburton Treaty | A treaty between the U.S. and Britain; It settled border disputes and improved diplomatic relations |
| Foreign Commerce | Trade between the U.S. and other nations; It strengthened economic growth and global influence |
| Exports and Imports | Goods sold to and purchased from other countries; They shaped economic policy and industrial development |
| Matthew C. Perry | A U.S. naval officer; He forced Japan to open trade with the West |
| Kanagawa Treaty | A treaty between the U.S. and Japan; It ended Japanese isolation and opened ports to trade |
| Mexican American War | A war between the U.S. and Mexico from 1846–1848; It resulted in vast U.S. territorial gains |
| California | A territory acquired from Mexico; Its rapid population growth led to immediate statehood |
| Rio Grande | A river claimed as the Texas border by the U.S.; Its dispute triggered the Mexican-American War |
| Zachary Taylor | A U.S. general and president; He gained national fame through military victories |
| Bear Flag Republic | A short-lived uprising by American settlers in California; It helped lead to U.S. control of the region |
| Mexican Cession | Land ceded by Mexico to the U.S.; It dramatically expanded U.S. territory |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | The treaty ending the Mexican-American War; It confirmed U.S. territorial expansion |
| Ostend Manifesto 1852 | A proposal to acquire Cuba; It revealed pro-slavery and imperial ambitions |
| Walker Expedition | A private American invasion of Nicaragua; It reflected unchecked expansionism |
| Gadsden Purchase | Land bought from Mexico in 1853; It enabled construction of a southern railroad |
| Free-Soil Movement | Opposition to the spread of slavery into new territories; It reshaped national politics |
| Free-Soil Party | A political party opposing slavery expansion; It helped pave the way for the Republican Party |
| Henry Clay | A powerful U.S. senator known for compromise; He worked repeatedly to preserve the Union |
| Compromise of 1850 | A package of laws addressing slavery disputes; It temporarily delayed sectional conflict |
| Popular Sovereignty | Allowing settlers to vote on slavery; It led to violence and political instability |
| Nativism | Hostility toward immigrants and Catholics; It influenced political parties and elections |
| Tammany Hall | A Democratic political machine in New York City; It used patronage and corruption to control politics |
| Fugitive Slave Law | A law requiring escaped slaves to be returned; It outraged Northerners and strengthened abolitionism |
| Underground Railroad | A secret network assisting enslaved people to escape; It helped thousands reach freedom |
| Harriet Tubman | An abolitionist and Underground Railroad conductor; She led many enslaved people to freedom |
| Uncle Tom’s Cabin | An antislavery novel; It powerfully influenced Northern public opinion |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | Author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin; She helped humanize the horrors of slavery |
| Bleeding Kansas | Violent clashes over slavery in Kansas; It showed the failure of popular sovereignty |
| Pottawatomie Creek | A violent attack led by John Brown; It escalated sectional violence |
| Lecompton Constitution | A pro-slavery Kansas constitution; It was rejected by voters and Congress |
| Stephen A. Douglas | A U.S. senator from Illinois; He promoted popular sovereignty |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | A law allowing territorial votes on slavery; It repealed the Missouri Compromise |
| Know-Nothing Party | A nativist political party; It opposed immigrants and Catholics |
| Republican Party | A political party opposing slavery expansion; It rose rapidly in the 1850s |
| John C. Fremont | The first Republican presidential candidate; He represented antislavery politics |
| Millard Fillmore | U.S. president after Taylor; He enforced the Compromise of 1850 |
| James Buchanan | U.S. president before the Civil War; His inaction allowed sectional tensions to worsen |
| Dred Scott v. Sanford | A Supreme Court ruling on slavery; It denied Black citizenship and invalidated slavery restrictions |
| Roger Taney | Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; He wrote the Dred Scott decision |
| Lincoln-Douglas Debates | Illinois Senate debates in 1858; They highlighted national divisions over slavery |
| Abraham Lincoln | The 16th U.S. president; He preserved the Union and ended slavery |
| Freeport Doctrine | Douglas’s response to Dred Scott; It weakened Democratic unity |
| Sumner-Brooks Incident | A violent assault in Congress; It symbolized national breakdown |
| John Brown | A radical abolitionist; He believed violence was necessary to end slavery |
| Harpers Ferry | Site of John Brown’s raid; It intensified Southern fears of rebellion |
| Secession | Southern states leaving the Union; It directly caused the Civil War |
| Border States | Slave states that stayed in the Union; They were militarily and politically critical |
| Fort Sumter | A Union fort attacked by Confederates; It marked the start of the Civil War |
| Jefferson Davis | President of the Confederacy; He led the Southern war effort |
| Confederate States of America | The government formed by seceding states; It fought to preserve slavery |
| Bull Run | The first major Civil War battle; It showed the war would not be short |
| Winfield Scott | A senior Union general; He proposed the Anaconda Plan |
| Anaconda Plan | A Union strategy to blockade the South; It aimed to slowly crush the Confederacy |
| George B. McClellan | A Union general; He was criticized for excessive caution |
| Robert E. Lee | The Confederacy’s top general; He commanded major Southern armies |
| Antietam | A bloody Civil War battle; It allowed Lincoln to issue emancipation |
| Fredericksburg | A Civil War battle; It was a devastating Union defeat |
| Ulysses S. Grant | A Union general; He led the North to victory |
| Vicksburg | A key Union victory; It split the Confederacy in half |
| Gettysburg | A major Civil War battle; It marked a turning point |
| Sherman’s March | A campaign of total war through the South; It destroyed infrastructure and morale |
| William Tecumseh Sherman | A Union general; He led the March to the Sea |
| Appomattox Court House | Site of Confederate surrender; It ended the Civil War |
| Greenbacks | Paper currency issued by the Union; They financed the war effort |
| Morrill Tariff Act | A law raising tariffs; It protected Northern manufacturers |
| Morrill Land Grant Act | A law funding public colleges; It expanded higher education |
| Pacific Railway Act | A law supporting railroad construction; It connected the nation coast to coast |
| Homestead Act 1862 | A law granting land to settlers; It encouraged western farming |
| Habeas Corpus | A legal right protecting against unlawful detention; Lincoln suspended it during wartime |
| Confiscation Acts | Laws freeing enslaved people of Confederates; They weakened the Southern war effort |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Lincoln’s executive order freeing slaves in rebel states; It transformed the war’s purpose |
| Copperheads | Northern Democrats opposing the war; They threatened Union unity |
| Gettysburg Address | Lincoln’s dedication speech; It redefined the war as a fight for democracy |
| Massachusetts 54th Regiment | An African American Union regiment; It proved Black soldiers’ bravery |
| 13th Amendment | A constitutional amendment; It abolished slavery nationwide |
| Civil Rights Act of 1866 | A federal law defining citizenship; It protected freedpeople’s rights |
| 14th Amendment | A constitutional amendment; It guaranteed citizenship and equal protection |
| Equal Protection Laws | Legal guarantees of equal treatment; They protect civil rights |
| Due Process of Law | A constitutional principle; It ensures fair legal procedures |
| 15th Amendment | A constitutional amendment; It protected Black male voting rights |
| Civil Rights Act 1875 | A federal civil rights law; It banned racial discrimination in public places |
| Spoilsmen | Supporters rewarded with government jobs; They promoted patronage politics |
| William Tweed | A corrupt political boss; He symbolized machine corruption |
| Patronage | The practice of giving jobs for political support; It dominated 19th-century politics |
| Thomas Nast | A political cartoonist; He exposed corruption and Tweed |
| Horace Greeley | A newspaper editor; He promoted reform and abolition |
| Reconstruction | The period after the Civil War; It aimed to rebuild the South and protect freedpeople |
| Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction | Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan; It emphasized quick reunification |
| Wade-Davis Bill | A strict Reconstruction proposal; It limited former Confederate power |
| Andrew Johnson | President during Reconstruction; He opposed congressional reforms |
| Freedmen’s Bureau | A federal assistance agency; It helped freedpeople with education and aid |
| Congressional Reconstruction | Reconstruction led by Congress; It enforced civil rights protections |
| Radical Republicans | A faction in Congress; They demanded equality for freedpeople |
| Thaddeus Stevens | A Radical Republican leader; He pushed for strong Reconstruction |
| Reconstruction Acts | Laws placing the South under military rule; They enforced congressional Reconstruction |
| Tenure of Office Act | A law limiting presidential authority; It led to Johnson’s impeachment |
| Impeachment | The process of charging a president; It was used against Johnson |
| Scalawags | Southern whites supporting Reconstruction; They allied with Republicans |
| Carpetbaggers | Northerners moving South; They participated in Reconstruction governments |
| Women’s Suffrage | The movement for women’s voting rights; It expanded democratic ideals |
| Southern Redeemers | Conservative Southern Democrats; They ended Reconstruction |
| Compromise of 1877 | A political agreement after the 1876 election; It ended Reconstruction |
| Ku Klux Klan | A white supremacist terrorist group; It used violence to suppress Black rights |
| Black Codes | Southern laws restricting Black freedom; They undermined Reconstruction |
| Sharecropping | A farming labor system after the war; It trapped many freedpeople in poverty |
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