0.9% NS, Lactated Ringer's; same osmolarity as blood; used for fluid replacement in hypovolemia.

0.45% NS, D5W; lower osmolarity; used to treat hypernatremia and cellular dehydration.

3% NS, D5NS; higher osmolarity; used for severe hyponatremia and volume expansion (cautiously).

IV fluid leaks into surrounding tissue; cold, pale, swollen site; stop infusion, elevate arm, warm compress.

Infiltration of a vesicant (chemotherapy, dopamine); can cause tissue necrosis; aspirate residual, antidote.

Superficial - Inflammation of vein; red, warm, tender streak; elevate arm, warm compress, no DVT risk.

Air enters central line; respiratory distress, hypotension; clamp line, left lateral Trendelenburg, O2.

Blood Transfusion Steps

Verify order/consent, check vein (18G), prime Y-set with NS, 2-RN verification, start within 30 min.

Fever, chills, itching, dyspnea, back pain, hypotension; STOP infusion, keep line open with NS, notify MD.

Tube Feeding: Nutrition delivered via tube into stomach or small intestine; for patients with functional GI tract.

Confirm by X-ray before first use; check pH (<5.5) and residual (<250 mL) before each feeding.

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy; allows for bolus feedings directly into stomach.

Total Parenteral Nutrition: IV nutrition for patients with non-functional GI tract; requires central line, sterile care.

Most sensitive marker of nutritional status (short half-life 2-3 days); normal 15-30 mg/dL.

Marker of chronic nutritional status and liver function; normal 3.5-5.0 g/dL.

Fat-soluble; deficiency causes night blindness; toxicity causes increased ICP and liver damage.

Fat-soluble; regulates calcium absorption; deficiency causes rickets/osteomalacia; toxicity causes hypercalcemia.

Fat-soluble; synthesis of clotting factors; deficiency leads to bleeding; synthesized by gut flora.

Water-soluble; requires intrinsic factor for absorption; deficiency causes pernicious anemia (megaloblastic).

Water-soluble; essential for collagen synthesis and wound healing; deficiency causes scurvy.

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IV Entereal PET

IV Management

Question	Answer
Isotonic IV Fluids	0.9% NS, Lactated Ringer's; same osmolarity as blood; used for fluid replacement in hypovolemia.
Hypotonic IV Fluids	0.45% NS, D5W; lower osmolarity; used to treat hypernatremia and cellular dehydration.
Hypertonic IV Fluids	3% NS, D5NS; higher osmolarity; used for severe hyponatremia and volume expansion (cautiously).
IV Infiltration	IV fluid leaks into surrounding tissue; cold, pale, swollen site; stop infusion, elevate arm, warm compress.
Extravasation	Infiltration of a vesicant (chemotherapy, dopamine); can cause tissue necrosis; aspirate residual, antidote.
Thrombophlebitis	Superficial - Inflammation of vein; red, warm, tender streak; elevate arm, warm compress, no DVT risk.
Air Embolism	Air enters central line; respiratory distress, hypotension; clamp line, left lateral Trendelenburg, O2.
Blood Transfusion Steps	Verify order/consent, check vein (18G), prime Y-set with NS, 2-RN verification, start within 30 min.
Transfusion Reaction	Fever, chills, itching, dyspnea, back pain, hypotension; STOP infusion, keep line open with NS, notify MD.
Enteral Feeding	Tube Feeding: Nutrition delivered via tube into stomach or small intestine; for patients with functional GI tract.
NG Tube Placement	Confirm by X-ray before first use; check pH (<5.5) and residual (<250 mL) before each feeding.
PEG Tube	Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy; allows for bolus feedings directly into stomach.
TPN	Total Parenteral Nutrition: IV nutrition for patients with non-functional GI tract; requires central line, sterile care.
Prealbumin	Most sensitive marker of nutritional status (short half-life 2-3 days); normal 15-30 mg/dL.
Albumin	Marker of chronic nutritional status and liver function; normal 3.5-5.0 g/dL.
Vitamin A	Fat-soluble; deficiency causes night blindness; toxicity causes increased ICP and liver damage.
Vitamin D	Fat-soluble; regulates calcium absorption; deficiency causes rickets/osteomalacia; toxicity causes hypercalcemia.
Vitamin K	Fat-soluble; synthesis of clotting factors; deficiency leads to bleeding; synthesized by gut flora.
Vitamin B12	Water-soluble; requires intrinsic factor for absorption; deficiency causes pernicious anemia (megaloblastic).
Vitamin C	Water-soluble; essential for collagen synthesis and wound healing; deficiency causes scurvy.

Created by: Wasurenboh

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