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Na+ K+ Fluid Volume

Sodium Potassium

QuestionAnswer
Sodium Alterations Electrolyte imbalances involving low (hyponatremia) or high (hypernatremia) serum sodium levels.
Hyponatremia Causes Diuretics, water intoxication (hypotonic IV fluids, irrigations), SIADH, adrenal insufficiency.
Hyponatremia Symptoms Brain edema (AMS, seizures), muscle weakness, hyperreflexia, cramps, nausea, lethargy.
Hyponatremia Treatment NaCl 3% (hypertonic) IV for severe cases, water restriction, liberal sodium diet.
Hypernatremia Causes Diabetes insipidus, hypertonic solutions, inadequate water intake, excessive sodium intake.
Hypernatremia Symptoms Intense thirst, restlessness, agitation, muscle twitching, seizures, signs of fluid volume excess.
Hypernatremia Treatment Hypotonic IV fluids (D5W, 0.45% NS), free water PO, low sodium diet, diuretics if overload.
Hypokalemia Causes Diuretics, GI losses (vomiting, diarrhea, NG suction), Cushing's syndrome, alkalosis, insulin use.
Hypokalemia Symptoms Muscle weakness, cramps, constipation, ileus, ECG changes (U wave, flat T, ST depression).
Hypokalemia Treatment Oral or IV K+ replacement (rate <10 mEq/h), monitor renal function and cardiac rhythm.
Hyperkalemia Causes Renal failure, K+-sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors, tissue breakdown (burns, trauma), acidosis.
Hyperkalemia Symptoms Cardiac dysrhythmias, ECG changes (tall peaked T waves), muscle weakness, paresthesia.
Hyperkalemia Treatment Calcium gluconate (cardioprotectant), dextrose+insulin, albuterol, kayexalate, dialysis.
Fluid Volume Excess (Hypervolemia) Excess fluid in intravascular space; caused by heart failure, renal failure, excess IV fluids.
FVE Symptoms Tachycardia, hypertension, bounding pulses, JVD, crackles, orthopnea, edema, weight gain.
FVE Treatment Sodium/fluid restriction, diuretics, monitor I&O, daily weights, elevate HOB, oxygen.
Fluid Volume Deficit (Hypovolemia) Decreased intravascular volume; caused by bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, burns, diuresis.
FVD Symptoms Hypotension, tachycardia, orthostatic dizziness, oliguria, decreased skin turgor, thirst, increased Hct.
FVD Treatment Oral rehydration preferred; IV isotonic fluids (NS, LR) for severe cases; treat underlying cause.
Created by: Wasurenboh
 

 



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