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Hemolymphatics
For quiz 2 Path 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bone marrow hyperplasia | non-specific responses to hypoxemia, tissue inflammation, hemorrhage, |
| Bone marrow dysplasia | abnormal hematopoietic cells. Immature and granulocyte w/ hypo-segmented nuclei |
| Bone marrow hypoplasia | higher rate of fat to hematopoietic cells |
| Bone marrow aplasia | Fail of development from chemical agents, infectious agents, or idiopathic |
| Bone marrow myelophthsis | Neolasia, myelofibrosis and inflammation. Hypoplastic response |
| Serous atrophy of fat in bone marrow | Chronic negative energy balance->excessive fat use and atrophy |
| Anemia Clin signs | pale mucous membrane, lethargy, weakness, increased liver enzymes (hypoxic damage). Low RBC |
| Anemia blood smear | Increase MCV, decrease MCHC, reticulocytosis |
| What animal is the exception to reticulocytosis | Horses... |
| Regenerative anemia has two types? | Loss or lysis |
| Causes of lysis of Regen anemia | Immune mediated, infection, toxins, mechanical fragmentation, incompatible blood transfusion |
| Extravascular hemolytic anemia occurs at | Spleen |
| Intravascular hemolytic anemia occurs at | Blood vessels |
| Common finding of either kind of hemolytic anemia | Prehepatic hyperbilirubinemia -> Icterus |
| Which hemolytic anemia is the most common? | Extravascular |
| Common causes of extravasc hemolytic anemia | Immune mediated, mechanical fragmentation, certain hemoparasaites |
| IMHA | Regenerative response to erythrocytes destruction by splenic macrophages |
| IMHA post-mort findings | Icterus, splenomegaly, thromboembolic disease/hypoxia -> renal ischemic necrosis of kidney, lungs, heart, spleen and liver |
| Neonatal isoerythrolysis | Horse IMHA from mothers colostrum antibodies attacking babys erythrocytes. Icterus |
| Intravascular hemoysis causes | Hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria |
| Common causes of intravac hemolytic anemia | Toxins, oxidants or some hemoparasites |
| Clostridial toxins cause | Intravascular hemolytic anemia |
| Pathogenesis of Bacillary hemoglobinuria | Spores live in liver->Flukes cause necrosis via migration -> anerobic conditions->Toxins damage RBC membrane-> intravasc hemolysis |
| DDx for Port wine urine in ruminant | Copper tox, babesiosis, bacillary hemoglobinuria, leptospirosis |
| Exposure to oxidants can cause | methemoglobinemia (brown blood) |
| What are some common oxidants for horses and ruminants | Chronic copper poison, nitrate poisoning (fertilizer), brassica (kale or turnip) toxicity, red maple leaf toxicity |
| What are some common oxidants for dogs and cats | Acetaminophen, naphthalene, propofol, and zinc |
| What are the two types of hemopoietic neoplasia | Lymphoproliferative and myeloproliferative |
| What are the types of Lymphoproliferative neoplasia's | Lymphoid leukemia, lymphoma, and plasma cell tumor |
| What are the types of myeloproliferative neoplasia's | histocytic, mast cell, myeloid leukemia, myelodystplastic syndrome |
| Lymphoid leukemia originates in | Bone marrow ->blood |
| lymphoma originates in | extramedullary->tissue/organ |
| Which is the most common hematopoietic malignancy | Lymphoma |
| Where do you find lymophoma | multricentric, cutaneous, thymus |
| What is the most common hematologic finding in lymphoma | Non-regenerative anemia |
| Non-regenerative Anemia | No reticulocytes, from primary or extramarrow disease |
| Primary bone marrow disease causes | Immune-mediates, infection, myelophthisic, toxicity, congenital disorders |
| Extramarrow disease causes | Inflammation, chronic renal fail, liver disease/ fail, endocrinopathies and nutritional deficiency |
| Most common non regenerative anemia | Chronic inflammation |
| Which kind of lymphoma is common in cats? | T-cell |
| What is different in FELV induced lymphoma versus older age? | FELV-Thymic or multicentric. Old age- GI |
| Which kind of lymphoma is common in dogs? | B-cell |
| Where do you see B-cell lymphoma in dogs? | Tonsils, submandibular, and multicentric |
| What kind of lymphoma is more common in cows? | B-cell from bovine leukemia virus |
| If you see a young cow with lymphoma which type could it be? | T-cell, not as common. |
| Where do you find B-cell lymphoma in cow? | abomasum, vertebral canal, heart, retrobulbar, uterus |
| Where do you find t-cell lymphoma in cow? | thymus, multicentric and cutaneous |
| What kind of lymphoma do horses get and how common is it? | B-cell, uncommon. It's either multicentric (more common) or cutaneous |
| Plasmacytoma | Plasma cell tumor, solid single or multiple, usually benign and in cutaneous or mucous membranes. |
| When can a Plasmacytoma become malignant | When in GI |
| Multiple Myeloma | Malig prolif of plasma cells, more common in dogs. |
| Which bone does multiple myeloma affect the most? | Vertebrae |
| What electrolyte change do you see in Multiple myeloma? | Hypercalcemia due to osteolysis |
| What 4 things do you look at when diagnosing Multiple myeloma | 1. Many plasma cells in bone marrow, 2. Osteolysis, 3.monoclonal gammopathy 4. light chain proteinuria |
| Histiocytoma Dogs | Benign, in young, usually goes away in time |
| Which dog is predisposed to malignant histiocytoma | Bernese mountain dogs |
| What are the two types of reactive histocytomas? | Cutaneous and systemic. Both vasocentric proliferation. |
| What are the differences between reactive histocytomas? | Systemic is found in lymph nodes, oral and nasal mucosa and internal organs |
| Histiocytic Sarcoma | Nodular lesions in spleen, lung, LN and other tissues. Pleomorphic, atypical and multinucleated!! |
| Hemophagocytic subtype of HS | Diffuse, eat RBCs |
| Feline Progressive Histiocytosis | Creates plaques, goes from benign to aggressive |
| Pulmonary histiocytosis | Infiltrates airways and moves to pleural surfaces |
| Big spleen, diffuse, firm ddx | Phagocytosis, primary neoplasia, material storage |
| Big spleen, diffuse, bloody ddx | Congestion, hyperemia, Acute hemolytic anemai |
| Big spleen, focal, firm ddx | Nodular hyperplasia, neoplasm, metastisis, abscesses, granuloma |
| Big spleen, focal, bloody ddx | Hematoma, vascular neoplasm, acute infarct, incomplete contraction |
| Small spleen, wrinkled and dry look | Contraction, most common |
| 2 causes of splenic rupture/fracture | Hemoabdomen and splenosis -> small spleen |
| Lymphoid portion of thymus | T-lymphocytes |
| Epithelial portion of thymus | cortex, medulla, and hassall's corpuscles |
| What can cause a thymus to be too big | thymoma, t-cell thymic lymphoma, hemorrhage |
| Thymoma origin and who it occurs in | Epithelial, older animals. Goats>Cats>Dog |
| In which animal gets viral induced t-cell thymic lymphoma | Cat |
| In which animal gets non-viral induced t-cell thymic lymphoma | Cow |
| What can cause a thymus to be too small | Viral infection! malnutrition, cachexia, aging, chemotherapeutic drugs, toxins, irradiation |
| What are the 5 responses to injury in lymph nodes | 1. Hyperplasia 2. inflammation 3. Dilated sinus due to drainage of edema 4. Neoplasia 5. Atrophy |
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