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Stack #4594362
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Rational Basis Review | Lowest level of scrutiny; law must be rationally related to a legitimate government interest |
| Strict Scrutiny Review | Highest level of scrutiny; law must serve a compelling government interest and be narrowly tailored |
| Civil Liberties | Protections from government interference in individual freedoms |
| Civil Rights | Government protections against discrimination and unequal treatment |
| Barron v Baltimore (1833) | Bill of Rights applies only to the federal government |
| 14th Amendment Due Process Clause | States cannot deprive life liberty or property without due process |
| 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause | States must treat individuals equally under the law |
| Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) | Narrowed Privileges or Immunities Clause and slowed incorporation |
| Selective Incorporation | Applying parts of the Bill of Rights to states through the 14th Amendment |
| Fourth Amendment | Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures |
| Right to Privacy | Implied constitutional right derived from multiple amendments |
| Dred Scott v Sandford (1857) | Enslaved people not citizens and Congress cannot ban slavery in territories |
| 13th Amendment | Abolishes slavery |
| Plessy v Ferguson (1896) | Established separate but equal doctrine |
| Brown v Board of Education (1954) | Declared racial segregation in schools unconstitutional |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Banned discrimination in public accommodations and employment |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | Prohibited racial discrimination in voting |
| Fair Housing Act of 1968 | Banned discrimination in housing |
| Milliken v Bradley (1974) | Limited desegregation across school district lines |
| Missouri v Jenkins (1995) | Further restricted court ordered desegregation remedies |
| San Antonio v Rodriguez (1973) | Education is not a fundamental constitutional right |
| Loving v Virginia (1967) | Banned laws prohibiting interracial marriage |
| Substantive Due Process | Protects fundamental rights from government interference |
| Trimester Framework | Roe v Wade framework regulating abortion by pregnancy stage |
| Undue Burden Test | Abortion law unconstitutional if it places substantial obstacle in path |
| Dobbs v Jackson (2022) | Overturned Roe and Casey and returned abortion regulation to states |
| Obergefell v Hodges (2015) | Legalized same sex marriage nationwide |
| Article I Section 2 | Establishes House of Representatives elections |
| Article I Section 4 | States regulate elections but Congress may override |
| 15th Amendment | Prohibits racial discrimination in voting |
| 19th Amendment | Granted women the right to vote |
| Gerrymandering | Manipulating district boundaries for political advantage |
| Voter Suppression | Laws or practices that reduce voter participation |
| Vote Dilution | Weakening the voting power of a group |
| Participatory Inequalities | Unequal levels of political participation across groups |
| Mobilization | Efforts to encourage political participation |
| Interest Group | Organized group seeking to influence public policy |
| Pluralism | Theory that competing interest groups balance political power |
| Lobbying | Direct efforts to influence policymakers |
| Quid Pro Quo | Exchange of political favors for support |
| Public Opinion Echo | Public opinion often reflects elite cues rather than shaping policy |
| Motivated Reasoning | Interpreting information to fit existing beliefs |
| Affective Polarization | Emotional dislike of opposing political party |
| Framing | How issues are presented to shape interpretation |
| Agenda Setting | Media influence over what issues people think about |
| Media Watchdog Function | Media role in holding government accountable |
| Prior Restraint | Government censorship before publication |
| Fairness Doctrine | Former policy requiring balanced media coverage |
| Outrage Media | Media driven by emotional and sensational content |
| Public Goods | Non excludable and non rivalrous goods |
| Free Rider Problem | Individuals benefit from collective action without contributing |
| Concentrated Benefits | Benefits that motivate small groups to organize effectively |
| Diffuse Benefits | Broad benefits that reduce incentives to organize |
| Social Capital | Networks trust and norms enabling collective action |
| Civil Resistance | Nonviolent action used to challenge authority |
| Policy Feedback | Policies reshape political behavior and attitudes |
| Submerged State | Hidden government benefits delivered through private actors |
| Distributive Policy | Provides benefits to specific individuals or groups |
| Redistributive Policy | Transfers resources from one group to another |
| Regulatory Policy | Restricts or controls behavior |
| Procedural Policy | Establishes rules for decision making |
| Externalities | Costs or benefits imposed on third parties |
| Monopoly | Market dominated by a single seller |
| Information Asymmetry | Unequal access to information between parties |
| Fiscal Policy | Government taxing and spending decisions |
| Mandatory Spending | Spending required by law such as Social Security |
| Discretionary Spending | Spending decided through annual appropriations |
| Federal Budget Deficit | When government spends more than it collects |
| Federal Debt | Accumulated national deficits |
Created by:
slm382