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Sociology Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the scientific study of social patterns | Positivism |
| a theory that looks at society as a competition for limited resources | Conflict Theory |
| a theoretical approach that sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals that make up that society | Functionalism |
| an extension of symbolic interaction theory which proposes that reality is what humans cognitively construct it to be | Constructivism |
| a theoretical perspective through which scholars examine the relationship of individuals within their society by studying their communication (language and symbols) | Symbolic Interactionism |
| the systematic study of society and social interaction | Sociology |
| a group's shared practices, values, and beliefs | Culture |
| the laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life | Social Facts |
| patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs | Social Institutions |
| a group of people who live in a defined geographical area who interact with one another and who share a common culture | Society |
| tenets or convictions that people hold to be true | Beliefs |
| the visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured | Norms |
| a culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society | Values |
| direct, appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture | Folkways |
| the moral views and principles of a group | Mores |
| groups that reject and oppose society’s widely accepted cultural patterns | Counterculture |
| groups that share a specific identification, apart from a society’s majority, even as the members exist within a larger society | Subculture |
| a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms | Social Control |
| a way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors | Sanctions |
| patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies | Cultural Universals |
| the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture’s acceptance of it | Culture Lag |
| mainstream, widespread patterns among a society’s population | Popular Culture |
| the cultural patterns of a society’s elite | High Culture |
| the way society really is based on what actually occurs and exists | Real Culture |
| the standards a society would like to embrace and live up to | Ideal Culture |
| the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income | Achieved Status |
| the status outside of an individual’s control, such as sex or race | Ascribed Status |
| the awareness of one’s rank in society | Class Consciousness |
| the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society | Collective Conscience |
| a condition in which the beliefs, ideals, or ideology of a person are not in the person’s own best interest | False Consciousness |
| a type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a culture | Mechanical Solidarity |
| a type of social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences | Organic Solidarity |
| stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role | Role Strain |
| a situation when one or more of an individual’s roles clash | Role Conflict |
| how strongly a person is connected to his or her social group | Social Integration |
| the way we prepare for future life roles | Anticipatory Socialization |
| the way people learn what is “good” and “bad” in society | Moral Development |
| the informal teaching done in schools that socializes children to societal norms | Hidden Curriculum |
| a group made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests | Peer Group |
| the process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values | Socialization |
| the process by which new members of a total institution lose aspects of their old identities and are given new ones | Degradation Ceremony |
| the role that our social environment plays in self-development | Nurture |
| the common behavioral expectations of general society | Generalized Other |
| the process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned in their place | Resocialization |
| the influence of our genetic makeup on self-development | Nature |
| prejudiced action against a group of people | Discrimination |
| a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that are used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others | Racism |
| oversimplified ideas about groups of people | Stereotypes |
| biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people | Prejudice |
| is an avoidance of racial language by European-Americans that ignores the fact that racism continues to be an issue. | Colorblind Racism |
| the practice of routinely refusing mortgages for households and business located in predominately minority communities | Redlining |
| the use by law enforcement of race alone to determine whether to stop and detain someone | Racial Profiling |
| a group of people who have more power in a society than any of the subordinate groups | Dominant Group |
| a group of people who have less power than the dominant group | Subordinate Group |
| shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion, and more | Ethnicity |
| a form of government in which power is held by a small, elite group | Oligarchy |
| a form of government in which a single person (a monarch) rules until that individual dies or abdicates the throne | Monarchy |
| a form of government that provides all citizens with an equal voice or vote in determining state policy | Democracy |
| a government wherein citizens elect officials to represent their interests | Representative Democracy |
| an extremely oppressive form of dictatorship in which most aspects of citizens’ lives are controlled by the leader | Totalitarian Dictatorship |
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