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MICROBIO
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What type of microscopes are used to examine structures down to the atomic level? | Scanning probe microscopes |
| Low-power microscopes designed for observing fairly large objects such as insects or worms are | stereomicroscopes. |
| Which of the following sites of the human body does not have a normal flora? | Blood |
| Which of the following diseases is transmitted via aerosols? | Psittacosis |
| Which of the following organisms is used in the production of cheese? | Propionibacterium shermanii |
| mRNA is specialized for the synthesis of __. | protein |
| The formation of polymers from simpler substances is referred to as __. | dehydration synthesis |
| Starch is an example of a | polysaccharide. |
| The RNA nucleotide base that pairs with (adenine) of DNA is | uracil. |
| Particles of an atom located in the outermost shell and available for chemical bonding are called | neutrons. |
| The compound that enters the Krebs cycle and combines with oxaloacetic acid is | acetyl-CoA. |
| The transfer of genetic material during direct cell-to-cell contact is called __. | conjugation |
| Enzymatic reactions can be expressed in which of the following chemical notations? | E + S = P |
| The fluidlike portion of a cell is referred to as | cytosol. |
| Absorption is the function of which surface appendage? | microvilli |
| The amino acid that is also referred to as the “start” codon is | methionine |
| Which of the following organelles contain oxidative enzymes capable of oxidizing toxic substances? | Peroxisomes |
| Nonchromosomal DNA molecules found in a bacterial cell are | plasmids. |
| Chitin is a component of the cell wall of | fungi. |
| Which of the following enzymes rearrange atoms within molecules, changing the configuration of the atoms? | isomerases |
| Psychrophiles are also referred to as | cryophiles. |
| Bacterial replication is accomplished primarily by | binary fission. |
| Microorganisms that grow only in the presence of oxygen are called __. | obligate aerobes |
| Staphylococci are __ facultative anaerobes. | Gram-positive |
| Microorganisms that show optimal growth in moderate temperatures (between 25° C and 40° C) are called | mesophiles. |
| Which of the following is a host-dependent bacterium? | Rickettsia |
| Methanogens are __ that grow in anaerobic environments such as swamps. | archaea |
| Viral capsomeres are composed of subunits called | protomeres. |
| RNA viruses belong to which of the following types according to the Baltimore classification system? | virion |
| The most common viruses causing respiratory illness belong to | Adenoviridae. |
| The correct hierarchical order for virus classification is | order, family, subfamily, genus, species. |
| The suffix -virales is given to the following terms within the taxon | Order |
| Which part(s) of a virus aid in the attachment to the host cell membrane receptors? | spikes |
| Viruses can infect | l organisms. |
| Picornaviridae are __ viruses. | RNA |
| Which of the following is commonly referred to as a pinworm? | Enterobius vermicularis |
| The unique cell organelle found in the Archaezoa and that appears to be a remnant of mitochondria is called a(n) __. | mitosome |
| Which of the following are technically not microorganisms? | Helminths |
| The study of fungi is called __. | mycology |
| Which of the following has a higher resistance to environmental stresses than the others? | Bacterial endospores |
| A toxic, odorless gas often used as a sterilizing agent in hospitals and dental officials is | ethylene oxide. |
| The time in minutes in which 90% of the bacterial population will be killed at a given temperature is called the | decimal reduction time. |
| The disinfectant and antiseptic that can be broken down by certain bacteria that produce the enzyme catalase is: | Hydrogen peroxide |
| Ionizing radiation involves all of the following except | UV light |
| The destruction of all microorganisms and their endospores is referred to as | sterilization. |
| A saucer-shaped liquefaction in a gelatin stab is referred to as | crateriform. |
| Which of the following stains is generally used for the diagnosis of tuberculosis? | Acid-fast stain |
| The process by which the numbers of microbes on the human skin are reduced by scrubbing is called | degermination. |
| In an agar slant, bacterial colonies that appear separate or semiconfluent are referred to as | beaded. |
| The discipline addressing issues associated with the choice and application of drugs to be used for disease prevention, treatment, and/or diagnosis is | pharmacotherapeutics. |
| The most rapid rate of drug absorption is achieved by __________ administration. | intravenous |
| When drug receptors are maximally activated it is referred to as the | peak effect. |
| A mercury-containing compound used as a preservative in vaccines is | thimerosal. |
| Digitalis is a drug used in the treatment of | congestive heart failure |
| Which of the following is a synthetic antimicrobial drug? | Quinolone |
| ____________ is a recently approved drug approved for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute skin infections. | Nuzvra (omadacycline) |
| Which of the following is not a common characteristic used in the selection of an antimicrobial drug? | Ability to administer intravenously |
| When two antibiotics are given together to increase the therapeutic effect, the phenomenon is referred to as | synergism. |
| Which of the following aminoglycosides was recently approved for the treatment of resistant lung disease caused by Mycobacterium avium? | Arikayce |
| The type of infection in which several infectious agents establish themselves at the same site is referred to as a | mixed infection. |
| Which of the following is likely to be the most frequently used portal of entry for pathogens? | Respiratory tract |
| The degree or extent of disease-evoking power that a microorganism has is referred to as | virulence. |
| The number of new cases of a disease over a certain period of time compared with the general healthy population is a referred to as | incidence. |
| A disease that is generally present in a given population is | endemic |
| The category of immunoglobulins that can also be found in colostrum and mother’s milk is | IgA. |
| The antibody found in body secretions is | IgA. |
| __ are small proteins secreted by cells of the immune system that act as chemical messengers that allow cells to communicate and organize the immune response to an invader. | cytokines |
| B cells are responsible for __-mediated immunity. | antibody |
| Which of the following provide defense against viral infections? | Interferons |
| Variola virus of the orthopoxvirus family causes the acute, highly contagious disease | smallpox. |
| “Athlete’s foot” is referred to as | tinea pedis. |
| Infections that result in the death of infected tissue are called __ infections. | Necrotizing |
| A chronic localized subcutaneous infection characterized by verrucoid lesions on the skin is | chromoblastomycosis. |
| Langerhans cells, which play a role in defense against microbes, are located in the | epidermis. |
| Diaper rash in infants is commonly caused by | Candida albicans. |
| Leprosy is caused by __. | Mycobacterium leprae |
| Which of the following is a type of acute infection generally caused by group A Streptococcus? | Erysipelas |
| Fungal infections of the skin are referred to as __. | Mycoses |
| Herpes simplex infections on lips and in the mouth are most commonly caused by | HSV-1. |
| The bacterium Mycoplasma pneumonia is unique in that it lacks a(an) __. | Cell Wall |
| Legionellosis affects mainly the __. | lungs |
| Scarlet fever is caused by | Streptococcus pyogenes. |
| The most virulent pathogen of the human flu virus is type | A |
| SARS stands for __. | severe acute respiratory syndrome |
| Tuberculosis is transmitted primarily through | aerosols. |
| Hantaviruses, which can cause disease in humans, are carried by __. | Rodents |
| Which of the following organisms is commonly found in the normal flora of the upper respiratory system? | Staphylococcus aureus |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram-__ bacterium. | Positive |
| COVID-19 is caused by the __ virus. | SARS CoV-2 |
| “Rice water stool” is a characteristic symptom of the disease __. | Cholera |
| A microbial biofilm that can form on the enamel surface of teeth and often causes tooth decay and/or periodontal problems is referred to as __. | Dental plaque |
| The painful burning sensation in the limbs known as St. Anthony’s fire is associated with the fungal infection __. | Ergotism |
| Trichuriasis is an intestinal infection caused by the roundworm __. | Trichuris trichiura |
| Botulism is caused by __. | Clostridium botulinum |
| A periodontal disease that is restricted to the gums is an inflammation called __. | Gingivitis |
| Botulism is a disease caused by the production of a potent neurotoxin by bacteria of the genus | Clostridium. |
| __ is the largest protozoan parasite of humans. | Balantidium coli |
| Trichinosis is an infection caused by ingestion of a | nematode. |
| Bacillus intoxication is caused by | Bacillus cereus. |
| When both the brain and the meninges are inflamed, the condition is referred to as __. | meningoencephalitis |
| Sleeping sickness is caused by which type of microorganism? | Protozoan |
| In bacterial meningitis, some antibiotics are prevented from reaching the infection due to | blood-brain barrier. |
| African trypanosomiasis is caused by __. | Trypanosoma brucei |
| The most common bacterial infection/inflammation of the eye is __. | conjunctivitis |
| When microorganisms enter the circulatory system through the lymphatic drainage and cause an infection, the condition is called | microbemia. |
| Which of the following is a disease caused by a protozoan? | Toxoplasmosis |
| All of the following are considered to be zoonotic diseases except | salmonellosis. |
| Malaria is caused by a protozoan of the genus __. | Plasmodium |
| All of the following are symptoms of endocarditis except | leg swelling. |
| The reverse flow of urine from the bladder up the ureters and back into the kidneys is called __. | vesicoureteral reflux |
| The urinary tract infection involving infection of the urinary bladder is called | cystitis. |
| The organism that is primarily responsible for causing cystitis is __. | Escherichia coli |
| In the urinary system, cytomegalovirus infections are typically associated with | kidney transplant failure. |
| For patients with a catheter, the best measures to prevent a UTI are frequent cleaning and __. | removal as soon as possible |
| A vaginal yeast infection is typically caused by | Candida albicans. |
| Bacteria that have been identified as frequently responsible for nonsexually transmitted infections of the reproductive system include | Escherichia coli, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Staphylococcus aureus. |
| Vaginal infections that are resulting from an overgrowth of normal flora are called | endogenous infections. |
| Symptoms of prostatitis include | painful urination, fever and chills, and weak urine flow. |
| The most common bacterial nonsexually transmitted infection of the male reproductive system is | prostatitis. |
| The type of antibody that can cross the placenta is | IgG. |
| Almost half of all the STIs diagnosed in the United States are among | young adults. |
| Saddle nose is characteristic of which of the following congenital infections? | Syphilis |
| The neonatal infection referred to as “sticky eye” is caused by | Staphylococcus. |
| Rheumatic fever is usually a complication of a(n) __________ infection. | Streptococcus pyogenes |
| All of the following are free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria except | Rhizobium. |
| Which of the following is a Category A agent? | Bacillus anthracis |
| Which of the following is not found in the atmosphere? | Phosphorus |
| The majority of marine microorganisms are present in the | littoral zone. |
| A set of guilds is referred to as a | community. |
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