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Stack #4593778
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the endocrine system? | A system that regulates body functions using hormones released into the bloodstream. |
| Hormones act through | Specific receptors on target cells. |
| Endocrine signaling vs nervous signaling | Endocrine is slow and long-lasting; nervous is fast and short-lived. |
| Hydrophilic hormones can cross the membrane | False. |
| Hydrophobic hormones cross cell membranes | True. |
| Hydrophilic hormones bind to | Receptors on the cell surface. |
| Hydrophobic hormones bind to | Intracellular receptors. |
| Second messengers are used by | Hydrophilic hormones. |
| Steroid hormones are derived from | Cholesterol. |
| Peptide hormones are made of | Amino acids. |
| Amine hormones are derived from | Tyrosine or tryptophan. |
| Which hormones use second messengers? | Peptide and amine hormones. |
| Which hormones directly affect gene transcription? | Steroid and thyroid hormones. |
| Hypothalamus function | Controls the pituitary gland and links nervous and endocrine systems. |
| Infundibulum | Connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland. |
| Anterior pituitary control | Hormones released via portal blood system. |
| Posterior pituitary control | Hormones released via neurons. |
| Posterior pituitary hormones | ADH and oxytocin. |
| ADH function | Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys. |
| Low ADH results in | Dilute urine. |
| High ADH results in | Concentrated urine. |
| Oxytocin function | Uterine contractions and milk ejection. |
| Anterior pituitary hormone for growth | Growth hormone (GH). |
| GH effects | Stimulates cell growth and metabolism. |
| Excess GH in children | Gigantism. |
| Excess GH in adults | Acromegaly. |
| TSH function | Stimulates thyroid gland. |
| ACTH function | Stimulates adrenal cortex. |
| FSH function in males | Stimulates Sertoli cells and spermatogenesis. |
| FSH function in females | Stimulates follicle development. |
| LH function in males | Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone. |
| LH function in females | Triggers ovulation. |
| Prolactin function | Stimulates milk production. |
| Thyroid hormones | T3 and T4. |
| Primary effect of T3 and T4 | Increase metabolism. |
| Calcitonin function | Lowers blood calcium levels. |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) function | Raises blood calcium levels. |
| Calcitonin and PTH relationship | Antagonistic hormones. |
| Adrenal gland has two parts | Cortex and medulla. |
| Aldosterone function | Increases sodium reabsorption in kidneys. |
| Cortisol function | Increases blood glucose during stress. |
| Androgens from adrenal cortex | Contribute to secondary sex characteristics. |
| Adrenal medulla hormones | Epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| Fight-or-flight hormones | Epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| Pancreas functions | Endocrine and exocrine. |
| Insulin function | Lowers blood glucose by increasing uptake. |
| Glucagon function | Raises blood glucose by glycogen breakdown. |
| Insulin and glucagon relationship | Antagonistic hormones. |
| Type 1 diabetes | No insulin production. |
| Type 2 diabetes | Insulin resistance. |
| Thyroid hormone is hydrophobic | True. |
| Steroid hormone receptors are located | Inside the cell. |
| Peptide hormone receptors are located | On the cell membrane. |
| Hormone secretion is regulated by | Negative feedback. |
| Negative feedback means | Hormone inhibits its own release. |
| High thyroid hormone levels cause | Decreased TSH secretion. |
| Low thyroid hormone levels cause | Increased TSH secretion. |
| Target cells must have | The correct receptor. |
| Hormones travel through | The bloodstream. |
| Hormones affect metabolism | True. |
| Hormones act slower than nerves | True. |
| Hormones have longer effects than nerves | True. |
| What is biology? | The scientific study of life. |
| What are the 7 characteristics of life? | Made of cells; grow and develop; reproduce; maintain homeostasis; use energy; respond to stimuli; evolve. |
| What is a virus? | A nonliving infectious particle made of genetic material and protein. |
| Why are viruses not considered alive? | Not cellular; cannot reproduce independently; no metabolism. |
| What are the three domains of life? | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya. |
| Which domain do humans belong to? | Eukarya. |
| What makes a good scientific hypothesis? | Testable and falsifiable. |
| What are the steps of the scientific method? | Observation; question; hypothesis; experiment; data analysis; conclusion. |
| Difference between hypothesis and theory? | A hypothesis is tentative; a theory is strongly supported by evidence. |
| Independent variable | The variable that is manipulated. |
| Dependent variable | The variable that is measured. |
| What is a control group? | Baseline for comparison. |
| Why are replication and large sample size important? | Reduce error and increase reliability. |
| Why do scientists use statistics? | To determine if results are due to chance. |
| Correlation vs causation | Correlation does not imply causation. |
| Population | Group of the same species in one area. |
| Community | All populations of different species in one area. |
| Ecosystem | A community plus its abiotic environment. |
| Biosphere | All ecosystems on Earth. |
| Major source of energy for life | The sun. |
| Producer | Makes its own food. |
| Consumer | Eats other organisms. |
| Photosynthesis inputs | CO₂, water, sunlight. |
| Photosynthesis outputs | Glucose and oxygen. |
| Ecology | Study of interactions between organisms and their environment. |
| Abiotic factors | Nonliving components. |
| Biotic factors | Living components. |
| Immigration effect | Increases population size. |
| Emigration effect | Decreases population size. |
| Exponential growth curve | J-shaped curve. |
| Logistic growth curve | S-shaped curve. |
| Carrying capacity | Maximum population an environment can support. |
| Density-dependent factors | Competition, disease, predation. |
| Density-independent factors | Weather, natural disasters. |
| Human population growth | Mostly exponential but slowing. |
| Rectangular age pyramid | Stable population. |
| Triangular age pyramid | Rapid population growth. |
| Niche | Role an organism plays in its environment. |
| Trophic level | Position in a food chain. |
| Four trophic levels | Producers; primary; secondary; tertiary consumers. |
| Biomass | Total mass of living organisms. |
| 10 percent rule | Only ~10% of energy passes to the next trophic level. |
| Biological magnification | Increase of toxins at higher trophic levels. |
| Carnivore | Eats animals. |
| Herbivore | Eats plants. |
| Omnivore | Eats plants and animals. |
| Carbon cycle | Movement of carbon through atmosphere, organisms, and Earth. |
| Biodiversity | Variety of life in an area. |
| Background extinction | Normal slow extinction rate. |
| Mass extinction | Rapid loss of many species. |
| Carbon footprint | Total CO₂ emissions from activities. |
| Greenhouse effect | Heat trapped by greenhouse gases. |
| Main greenhouse gases | CO₂, methane, nitrous oxide. |
| Two causes of rising CO₂ | Fossil fuel burning and deforestation. |
| Global warming | Increase in average global temperature. |
| Why cold winters don’t disprove global warming | Weather is short-term; climate is long-term. |
| Ice cores show | Historical CO₂ levels and temperatures. |
| Effects of global warming | Sea level rise; extreme weather; habitat loss. |
| Ways to reduce carbon footprint | Use less energy; drive less; recycle. |
| Proton | Positive charge; nucleus. |
| Neutron | Neutral charge; nucleus. |
| Electron | Negative charge; electron cloud. |
| Atomic number | Number of protons. |
| Types of bonds | Ionic; covalent; polar covalent; hydrogen. |
| pH measures | Hydrogen ion concentration. |
| Acidic pH | Below 7. |
| Basic pH | Above 7. |
| Condensation reaction | Builds polymers and releases water. |
| Hydrolysis reaction | Breaks polymers using water. |
| Carbohydrate subunit | Monosaccharide. |
| Lipid subunits | Fatty acids and glycerol. |
| Protein subunit | Amino acids. |
| Nucleic acid subunit | Nucleotides. |
| Triglyceride | Glycerol plus three fatty acids. |
| Homeostasis | Maintaining stable internal conditions. |
| Cell theory | All organisms made of cells; cells are basic unit; cells come from cells. |
| Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic | Prokaryotes lack nucleus; eukaryotes have nucleus. |
| Diffusion | Movement from high to low concentration. |
| Facilitated diffusion | Uses transport proteins; no ATP. |
| Active transport | Requires ATP. |
| Osmosis | Movement of water across membrane. |
| Mitochondria | ATP production. |
| ATP | Energy currency of the cell. |
| Glycolysis location | Cytoplasm. |
| ETC location | Mitochondria. |
| Most ATP produced in | Electron transport chain. |
| Cellular respiration inputs | Glucose and oxygen. |
| Cellular respiration outputs | CO₂, water, ATP. |
| Fermentation purpose | Allows glycolysis without oxygen. |
| Central nervous system | Brain and spinal cord. |
| Na⁺/K⁺ pump | 3 Na⁺ out; 2 K⁺ in. |
| Resting membrane potential | About –70 mV. |
| All-or-none principle | AP fires fully or not at all. |
| Acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junction. |
| Calcium in muscle contraction | Allows myosin to bind actin. |
| Osteoblasts | Build bone. |
| Osteoclasts | Break down bone. |
| Growth hormone | Stimulates growth. |
| Insulin | Lowers blood glucose. |
| Glucagon | Raises blood glucose. |
| SA node | Pacemaker of the heart. |
| QRS complex | Ventricular depolarization. |
| Cardiac output | Heart rate × stroke volume. |
| Nephron | Functional unit of kidney. |
| Filtration occurs at | Glomerulus. |
| ADH acts on | Collecting duct. |
| RAAS activated when | Blood pressure is low. |
| Small intestine function | Nutrient absorption. |
| Parietal cells | Secrete HCl. |
| Chief cells | Secrete pepsinogen. |
| Secretin | Stimulates bicarbonate release. |
| CCK | Stimulates pancreatic enzymes and bile. |
| Bile function | Emulsifies fats. |
| Meiosis produces | Four haploid cells. |
| LH surge triggers | Ovulation. |
| Testosterone | Promotes spermatogenesis. |
Created by:
marciesquires