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Bio 101 Exam 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are examples of transgenic organisms? | Golden Rice, Corn and other crops, pharmaceutical crops, industrial materials, fast-growing animals |
| what are GMO's | Genetically modified organisms |
| what is the use for Golden Rice | carotene and vitamin A |
| What is the use of corn and other crops | resistence to insects and herbicides |
| what is the use of pharmaceutical uses | inslin, growth hormones |
| what is the use of industrial materials | spider silk proteins |
| what is the use of faster growing insects | atlantic salmon |
| What does PCR do? | Rapidly increases DNA Molecules |
| how can one use PCR? | for Criminal cases, DNA fingerprinting, exonerations, and DNA Test like 23 and me |
| what is the last closely living creature to us (humans) | neanderthals |
| When and who was the first mammal cloned? | 1990 -- sheep (named Dolly) used |
| why was dolly used as the first mammal to clone | easy test subject |
| step 1 to cloning a mammal | collect cells from animal you wish to clone (any cell) |
| what is the easiest cell to collect when cloning a mammal | the easiest cell to collect depends on the animal. |
| step 2 to cloning a mammal | extract the nucleus from the cell |
| step 3 to cloning a mammal | find another cell (egg cell) to place the nucleus into (a donar from the same species) |
| important step between 3 and 4 to cloning a mammal | take the nucleus from donar and discard it. |
| step 4 to cloning a mammal | insert the nucleus from cell 1 to cell 2 |
| what did you create in step 4 | created a fertilized egg |
| step 5 to cloning a mammal | implant new cells and nucleus into a surragate mother |
| Which animals today have been cloned and why | pets (cats and dogs) // Horses (to make multiple race champions) // Cattle (cows) for more milk // Rodents (rats) for science experiments and research. |
| What is Gene Therapy | inserting or deleting genes from chromosomes |
| What is the technique for inserting Genes | CRISPR |
| Which country used CRISPR and why | china took embryos in 2018 and used CRISPR and inserted genes that were resistant to HIV/AIDS |
| what are the 2 core principles of evolution | descent with modification // natural selection |
| explain descent with modifications | tetrapods (4 legged animals) their unique feature per species. Human hands have thumbs which we use to fold our thumbs and hold things. birds and bats have wings but birds have feathers to help and bats have long fingers. Dolphins and whales have fins. |
| explain natural selection | survival of the fittest. environment and the organisms lives and what they experience. environment selects for advantages (favorable) traits. Environment can select AGAINST unfavorable traits and don't get passed on. |
| explain embryology | study of embryos from various species. Pharngeal slits in fish (sharks) turn into gills. Humans are born with Pharngeal slits which close and turn into eustation tubes |
| explain vestigial organs | organs which were once useful but not so much today. widom teeth, appendix, ear muscle, tail bone |
| explain homologous structures | species that have the same ancestors origin but today have different functions. Forelimbs of tetrapods diversified into wings, fins, arms, paws |
| explain analogous structures | species with different origins and today have the same function. bats birds and insects all evolved to create wings that allow them to fly. cactus is only found in americas, any other place that has it, is a species closely similar but not a cactus. |
| what are the 6 evidence to support theory of evolution | Fossils, DNA fingerprinting, Embryology, Vestigial organs, Homologous structures, analagous structures |
| who helped charles darwin with his theory | Alfred Russel Wallace // Charles Lyell // Thomas Malthus |
| what did darwin observe on his trip around the world that contributed to his theory of evolution | he realizes that species in different parts of the world have evolved to adapt to the environment they are in so while they are closely similar, they have and use different features. |
| how has humanity evolved in terms of using milk as a source of food | overtime humans and animals evolved to produce more milk. our bodies became tolorated to milk although some people cant tolorate and lactose sugar milk has (lactose intolorant) |
| what are the 5 processes that drive the evolution of life | mutations // gene flow // genetic drift // sexual structures // artificial selection |
| explain mutations | if favorable, nature selects for it. EXAMPLE: peppered moths. mutation turned part of the population black while the other was peppered color and during the industrial revolution, most of the black moths died and opposite after the industrial revolution |
| explain gene flow | genes move from 1 population to another. today humans have 1-2% of DNA from neanderthals |
| explain genetic drift | DNA from one part of the world mixes in with another. EXAMPLE: north + south america. |
| explain sexual selections | mating. the more colorful a peacock is, the more healthy it is. same with birds and deers. |
| explain artificial selection | how we control breeding of animals and plants for our use. |
| explain bottleneck event | population shrinking, losing genetic diversity |
| What are the 3 root causes of environmental problems | overuse and abuse of natural resources // pollution // the human population. |
| which of the 3 root causes is the main cause for the other 2 | human population. |
| what is the formula to use to determine years and how fast a population can go? | rule of 70. its 70/annual rate of increase = doubling time in years of population |
| what is the pyramidal diagram | triangle pointing up. population increase |
| what is the upside down pyramidal diagram | triangle pointing down. population decreases |
| what is the columnar diagram | population stable. |
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