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bio final exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| biosphere | The biosphere is the part of Earth where all living organisms exist, including land, water, and air. |
| biome ecosystem | A biome is a large region with a specific climate and characteristic plants and animals, and an ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their environment. |
| population | A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time. |
| community | A community is all the different populations of species living and interacting in the same area. |
| species | A species is a group of organisms that can mate with one another and produce fertile offspring. |
| organism | An organism is an individual living thing. |
| consumers | Consumers are organisms that obtain energy by eating other organisms. |
| producers | Producers are organisms that make their own food, usually through photosynthesis. |
| decomposers | Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals into simpler substances, returning nutrients to the environment. |
| autotrophs | Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food using sunlight or chemical energy. |
| heterotrophs | Heterotrophs are organisms that get their energy by consuming other organisms. |
| trophic level | A trophic level is a position an organism occupies in a food chain or food web based on how it gets its energy. |
| niche | A niche is the role an organism plays in its ecosystem, including how it uses resources and interacts with other organisms. |
| Dominant two factors that affect climate (and determine terrestrial biomes) | The two dominant factors that affect climate and determine terrestrial biomes are temperature and precipitation. |
| Basic steps of cycles of matter (carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) ; particularly main process in which they enter the living part of the cycle | They enter the living part of the cycle when plants take them in. C: plants take in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. N: plants absorb nitrogen from the soil after bacteria convert it into usable forms. P: plants absorb phosphorus from the soil as |
| The flow of energy through ecosystems, including the loss of energy | Energy flows one way through ecosystems: from the sun → producers → consumers → decomposers, and energy is lost as heat at each trophic level, so less energy is available higher up the food chain. |
| Compare and contrast flow of energy and cycling of nutrients | Energy flows one direction through an ecosystem (sun → organisms) and is lost as heat, so it is not recycled. Nutrients cycle between organisms and the environment and are reused over and over. |
| Examples of community relationships such as: mutualism, parasitism, commensalism, competitive exclusion, resource partitioning, keystone species | Mutualism: both species benefit (bees pollinating flowers). Parasitism: one benefits and the other is harmed (ticks on a dog). Commensalism: one benefits and the other is unaffected (barnacles on a whale). Competitive exclusion: two species compe |
| Understand what happens during ecological succession | Ecological succession is the gradual change in a community over time, where pioneer species colonize an area first, followed by other species until a stable climax community forms. |
| Factors that cause exponential population growth; what is carrying capacity | Basic understanding of causes and effects of climate change ; main reason for modern extinction |
| Why viruses not considered living | Viruses are not considered living because they cannot reproduce, grow, or carry out metabolism on their own and must use a host cell to function. |
| What is binomial nomenclature (scientific names), and the specific example for humans | Binomial nomenclature is a system of giving organisms a two-part scientific name (genus + species). Example for humans: Homo sapiens |
| Names and major characteristics of 3 domains (compare and contrast Eukarya, Archaea and Bacteria; know which two we used to think belonged to the same category) | Bacteria: Prokaryotic (no nucleus), unicellular, cell walls contain peptidoglycan. Archaea: Prokaryotic, unicellular, cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan, often live in extreme environments. Eukarya: Eukaryotic (have a nucleus), can be unicellul |
| Know the 4 kingdoms of Eukarya; be able to compare and contrast | Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia |
| Know the 2 kingdoms in which all species are multi-cellular | Plantae and Animalia |
| Know major characteristic of major plant types (consider moss, fern, gymnosperms and angiosperms ) | Mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms |
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