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History Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| French Revolution - Causes | Issues with money - spent on wars and American Revolution Issues with royalty - Louis XV had mistresses and Louis XVI was not suited to be a king - not decisive on political or economic issues Bread shortage was the tipping point |
| French Revolution - Events | Storming of the Bastille - to get weapons Women’s march King Louis XVI tried to escape with family then was imprisoned King is executed |
| French Revolution - Aftermath | Abolished nobility - (kings, princes, dukes, etc.) → constitutional monarchy Religious freedom Convention met and declared France a Republic |
| Estates and Estates General | Estates: Clergy(1%), Nobility(1%), everyone else (98%) Estates General: Frances Legislative assembly where each estate was represented. Clergy and Nobility had same amount of people representing them as the other 98% of people - unfair |
| Reign of Terror | Constitution suspended Enemies arrested (approx. 300,000) Guillotine - around 17,000 were executed “Protecting the republic” Limited women's political participation |
| Thermidorian Reaction | “Cooling off” of revolution Government returns to being representative Less government economic control New constitution |
| Napoleon | Lieutenant in French Artillery Became a general at age 24 Protege of Robespierre Ambitious Very politically and militarily active Became emperor Also proclaimed King of Italy |
| Napoleonic Code | Applied to all of France Equality of all male citizens Slavery reinstituted Reduced rights of women |
| Napoleonic Wars | Wanted to defeat Britain Allied with Alexander I and divided control of Europe between them Turned on Alexander to invade Russia - war of 1812 |
| Napoleonic Wars - War of 1812 | Invaded Russia Napoleon’s army lost Alliance between Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain France joins alliance after paying debt |
| Haitian Revolution (part 1) | French established permanent settlements Slavery in Saint - Domingue - Sugar plantations Enlightenment started to spread - to slaves as well Slaves started fighting for their freedom |
| Haitian Revolution (part 2) | French tried to give them citizenship but slaves kept fighting Spanish and British help slaves in hope to seize colony from France Slavery abolished |
| Toussaint L’Ouverture | Fought with Spanish Army in Haitian Revolution Switched to the French army with his men Named commander of part of Saint-Domingue Ruled that portion more independently Arrested and deported to France |
| Jean Jacques Dessalines | First Haitian emperor Lead the Haitian revolution and won |
| Industrial Revolution | Changed how humans lived Shift from agricultural society to one based on industry Factories and modern cities Coal was a big thing Air pollution and water pollution Lots of people moved for jobs to cities |
| Why the Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain | Natural resources - coal waterways and coastline centralized government and peace Ability to be inventive Well developed financial systems New developments in agricultural systems |
| James Watt and the Steam Engine | Studied a version of steam engine and made it more productive Helped market the engine Steam engine was used to power lots of equipment and replaced water power in some machines |
| Child Labor in the Industrial Revolution | Small hands good for some tasks A lot of it Reduced later on but not ended |
| Bourgeoise | Upper/middle class Own means of production Ones who make money if businesses do well Large homes |
| Proletariat | Working class Can only sell their own labor Poor housing, health problems, crime and alcoholism |
| Means of Production | Resources, and machines to make goods |
| 1848 Uprisings: Causes | Causes: Bad harvests, uneven industrializations and development, wages and unemployment popularity of radical ideologies |
| 1848 Uprisings | Revolt in Paris - Workers and students involved (armed) 1848 Rebellion Attempt to form Liberal government Free speech Religious tolerance Demands of more radical groups left out |
| Formation of the nation of Germany (Part 1) | Prussia’s parliament controlled by wealthy elite middle class Wanted national unification Wanted parliament to hold power War against Denmark - with Austria, successful War against Austria - favorable treaty |
| Formation of the nation of Germany (Part 2) | Northern German confederation - consisted of smaller states that were conquered southern states were allied with Prussia Franco-Prussian war - Southern states agree to join German empire |
| Otto von Bismark | Was a high ranking diplomat Unified what would become Germany through “Realpolitik” in wars against Denmark, Austria, etc. Involved in forming the nation of Germany Forced to resign |
| Realpolitik | Prioritized result and national interest over morals and ethics |
| Second Imperialism | Focus on Africa and Asia Indirect rule “Civilizing” the population Changes linked to Industrial revolution |
| Social Darwinism/ “Scientific Racism” | Survival of the strongest or fittest nations |
| Opium War | A war fought by Britain and France against China to force them to accept opium imports |
| Treaty of Nanjing | Unequal treaty to end the Opium war that was against China’s favor - gave away possession of Hong Kong for a long time |
| Berlin Conference | Meeting of European powers to split up Africa - No African representation |
| Scramble for Africa | Colonization of Africa through the Berlin Conference |
| Archduke Ferdinand | His assasination sparked World War I |
| Total War | All war laws disregarded - anything goes |
| Trench Warfare | Horrible conditions No-mans land Massive slaughter for little gain Out of date strategies used |
| Treaty of Versailles (end of WWI) | Germany loses territory German reparations to Britain and France |
| War Guilt Clause | Part of the Treaty of Versailles Forced Germany to accept full responsibility for starting WWI |
| Nicholas II | Emperor of Russia Russia Japanese war |
| Revolution of 1905 | In Russia Strikes, rallies, uprisings, revolts Bloody Sunday - Imperial Guards fired on peaceful protestors Triggered by economic hardship, social inequality, and defeat in the Russia-Japanese war |
| February Revolution | Mass desertion of troops and discontent at home - Russia Economic breakdown Shortages including fuel and food Nicholas II abdicated |
| White Russians | In favor of Tsar - Russian leader Foreign support Lacked unity Not a very coordinated military |
| Red Russians / Bolsheviks | Communists Better army and leadership Controlled central Russia Promised ethnic minorities more autonomy (ability to make decisions) |
| Russian Civil War | War between Whites and Reds Red Terror |
| Red Terror | Tsar and family executed Time of terror when enemies were executed |
| Five-Year Plan (1928-1932) | Modernize quickly New cities and industries developed Use of prison labor Shift toward more conservative culture |
| Holodomor | Man-made famine that killed many in Ukraine |
| Great Terror (1937-1938) | Era of repression - Stalin solidified control Eliminated those seen as enemies Many killed and put in labor camps |
| Weimar Republic | End of WWI Includes Treaty of Versailles First German Democracy New constitution Free public schools and health care |
| Dawes Plan | Conference to reexamine Germany’s ability to pay reparations for WWI Reduced payments they owed Redistributed debts - make it doable for Germany |
| Nazi Party | Rising to power Hitler - influenced by nationalism and racism Anti Jews Created jobs Great at using propaganda and creating an image of power Concentration camps T-4 - designed to eliminate “genetically inferior” |
| Treaty of Non-Aggression (1939) | Between Nazi-Germany and the USSR Divided Poland between them Germany’s goal of expelling non-Germans and creating a larger Germany Pact ended when operation Barbarossa began |
| Operation Barbarossa | Nazi invasion of USSR Large land invasion, largest tank battle and bloodiest battle |
| Blitzkrieg | Fast, strong, concentrated attack Encircle the enemy army Shock and scare the enemy troops so they’re disorganized Dive-bombing |
| “Phony War” | The quiet 8-month period at the beginning of WWII when there was no land fighting |
| Vichy France | Authoritarian French government based in Vichy after France’s defeat by Nazi Germany |
| Battle of Stalingrad | Stopped advance of Germany into the Soviet Union Soviet forces come from East Encircle Germans and cut off supplies Over 2 million casualties (850,000 Germans, 1.2 German Soviets) |
| Battle of Kursk | Soviet troops were prepared for attack from Germans Germany blitzkrieg is defeated Germany is forced to retreat for rest of war |
| Siege of Leningrad | Nazi Germany Encircled Leningrad Cut off supply lines 650,000 citizens died due to starvation, exposure, diseases, shelling |
| Operation Overlord | Fake plans to mislead germans (Code name for D-day) D-day - Liberated Nazi occupied Europe |
| Battle of Berlin | Last European battle of WWII USSR want to capture Berlin before US does Hitler and Goebbels commit suicide Berlin surrenders Chaos and violence - mass rape and looting |
| Manhattan Project | Top-secret US government program during WWII involving creating the atomic bomb Goal was to build atomic bomb before Nazi-Germany |
| Hiroshima and Nagasaki | Bombed by the US as a demonstration of power |
| Denazification | Effort to remove Nazi ideology “political cleansing" |
| Decolonization | Destruction and instability because of war Demands for self-determination and rights India - Decolonization British colonial holding Boycott of British goods by Bengali Hindus Ghandi |
| Ghandi | Lawyer who had been living in South Africa Fought for rights of Indians in South Africa Development of non-violent resistance in response to discrimination of Indians Reshaped the Indian National Congress |
| US/USSR World Views: USSR | USSR WWII was fought to make sure Germany will not invade Russia again To spread communism Communist, Central planning (economic system) |
| US/USSR World Views: US | US WWII was fought to free world from tyranny To make the world safe for democracy Democratic, Capitalist (economic system) |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization - created in response to Soviets actions in Eastern Europe Capitalist |
| Non-Aligned Nations | Nations - especially newly independent nations - who refused to align with either side Supported self-determination |
| Warsaw Pact | A direct response to West Germany joining Nato Authoritarian |
| United Nations | |
| Berlin Blockade | Soviet Union blocked all rail, road, and canal access to West Berlin |
| Prague Spring | Movement in Czechoslovakia Granted greater freedom of expression, freedom of travel, and decreased censorship Constitutional revisions to ensure more rights and liberties |
| 1968 riots | Mass protests triggered by the Warsaw Pact invasion Resisted foreign occupations |
| Détente | Period of eased cold war tensions between the US and USSR |
| Brezhnev Doctrine | Soviet foreign policy that said they could use military in any socialist country where communism was threatened |
| Stagflation | A period of high inflation and low economic growth |
| Deindustrialization | |
| Neoliberalism | Free market Little government intervention Reduced public spending |
| Chernobyl | A nuclear power plant that exploded |
| Gorbachev | Ruler of the Soviet Union during a time of reconstructing Increased freedom of expression Allowed criticism of the government More transparency from the government |
| August coup d’état | Part of the end of the USSR Hardliners of the communist soviet union tried to reassert control but failed |
| Shock Therapy | A way to transition a planned economy to a free market by making sudden dramatic changes “throwing them in the deep end" |
| Breakup of USSR | Communist party lost most of its power Gorbachev resigned |
| Congress of Vienna (1815) | Recognized the independence of Europe. Involved a redrawing of Europe’s map to create a more lasting peace. The goal was to create stable territories. |
| Karl Marx and Marxism | Marx was the developer of the idea of Marxism. critiqued capitalism for exploiting workers and supported communism and believed it would be the “end of history.” Believed that communism could be achieved through peaceful means using democracy and rights |
| Nationalism | “Mass identification with the nation-state.” It was a sense of national identity among citizens. There was a desire to create nation-states meaning citizens with same nationality, ethnicity, and history |
| Trench Warfare | No man’s land and over the top. Horrible conditions - poor sanitation and over crowding lead to disease spreading easily. Soldiers remained alert at all times and in constant danger. |
| Vladimir Lenin (and how his views differed from Marx’s) | He developed Leninism which took ideas from Marxism. However it differs from Marxism as it introduces an idea of dictatorship over the workers rather than spontaneous worker action. It also stressed organization and action. |
| Fascism | A political ideology - extreme nationalism and supremacy of the state over individuals. It also believes in dictatorship and militarism - glorification of war and military strength. It was also against individual rights and free markets. Hitler |
| Totalitarianism | A political concept that the citizen should be totally subject to state authority. It seeks total control over all aspects of public and private life. Often used propaganda, terror, and ideology to be enforced. |
| Marshall Plan | A U.S. initiative intended to help European nations after WWII. Achieved by sending billions of dollars to help them rebuild economies and stabilize their governments. One of their main motives in doing this was to help stop the spread of communism. |
| Iron Curtain | It was a division of Europe after the Cold War. It separated the soviet controlled East (communist) from the democratic and capitalist West. It especially symbolized the tension that stood after the Cold War. |
| Domino Theory | It was a theory during the Cold war that if one nation fell into communism, other nations would follow. *explain the analogy* It impacted nations against communism by making them feel the need to act and fight against communism |
| Mutual Assured Destruction | A military policy that was put in place after the cold war. It explains that if any nation uses their nuclear weapons, that others would too, destroying the world. This prevents any use of nuclear weapons. |
| Cold War | The NATO and Warsaw pacts separated communist nations from the other nations. Proxy warfare, which was fought with indirect fighting between US and USSR. The Arms race was especially prevalent during this time. |
| Polish Solidarity Movement | A non-violent social and trade union in Poland. It challenged Poland’s communist rule by uniting workers, intellectuals, and the Church. It played a crucial role in the collapse of communism in Poland and in Eastern Europe. |
| Glasnost and Perestroika | Reform policies from Gorbachev. Fostered greater freedom of expression, and introduced market-like economic changes. These ideas weakened communist control and led to the fall of USSR |
Created by:
user-1990764