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Wetlands Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Low or lower levels of oxygen results in what alternative? | bacteria using alternative electron acceptors. This decreases energy yield and LOWERS DECOMPOSITION because alternative acceptors are less efficient. |
| Organic soil in terms of decomposition | Less fibric means more decomposed. Fibric < hemick < sapric. Peat < peaty muck < muck |
| 4 components of soils | Mineral particulates, organic particulates, gas, water |
| Electron acceptors in order from most preferred to least preferred | Oxygen -> Nitrogen -> Manganese -> Iron -> Sulfate -> CO2 |
| As we are using lesser and lesser preferred electron acceptors, does NEP increase or decrease | Increases because more carbon is being stored due to lower decomposition rates. |
| Ammonium + O2 --> Nitrate (NO3) | Nitrification |
| Organic matter --> Ammonium (NH4) | Ammonification |
| Methane (CH4) + O2 --> CO2 | Mathane oxidation |
| Organic matter --> methane (CH4) | Methanogenesis |
| Without changing hydrologic conditions, how can we lower the redox potential of a soil. | Adding more organic matter will lower redox potential because we are adding tons of electrons that need an acceptor causing the use of lesser and lesser desireable electron acceptors to be used, lowering our redox potential |
| Electron Acceptors that need triangles | O2, SO42-, NO3- |
| Oxidation rules for Hydrogen and Oxygen | Hydrogen = +1 Oxygen = -2 |
| What does respiration provide organisms | Provides energy |
| What two things does respiration require | Donor and acceptor |
| Why do we call anaerobic soils reduced soils | We are taking all of our available electron acceptors in the soil, and chemically altering or making them be their reduced counterparts. Our electron acceptors are in their reduced state. |
| What is unique to the phosphorus cycle | No gaseous loss |
| What three primary mechanisms remove phosphorus from the water and store it in the soil? | Biomass: Living plants and vegetation Soil Organic Matter: Still organic but not alive Phosphate adsorbing to minerals or precipitating out as new minerals. |
| What form are manganese and iron in reduced condition? | Soluble |
| Why do wetland deliniators care that Iron and Manganese are soluble in reduced condition? | Creates gleyed characteristics becuase Iron must have been used as an electron acceptor, meaning the soils are anaerobic. |
| Two hydric soil indicators and why they exist in wetlands (Sulfide Smell) | Hydrogen Sulfide Smell: In anaerobic conditions, sulfate is reduced to hydrogen sulfide which produces the rotten egg smell. This inly happens when all of the oxygen, nitrate, manganese, and iron have been used up leaving sulfate to be reduced. |
| Two Hydric soil indicators and why they exist in wetlands (OM accumulation) | Wetlands have a higher accumulation of organic matter because as available electron acceptors become less desirable (efficient), the energy yield decreases and lowers decomposition |
| Sulfate (SO42-) --> Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) = | Sulfate reduction. Sulfate is being used as an electron acceptor. |
| Hydrogen Sulfide(H2S) + 02 --> So42- = | Hydrogen Sulfide oxidation. Hydrogen Sulfide is now used as an electron DONOR and oxygen is the acceptor because it is aerobic conditions. |
| Why do the diffusional gradients exist for H2S and SO42- cycles? | Hydrogen sulfide is being created in anaerobic conditions and is being used as an electron donor in aerobic conditions where oxygen is present to accept the electron. Sulfate is being created in aerobic conditions and is an acceptor in anaerobic (NO O2) |
| Walking through Reddy and DeLaune figure Part 1 | In both aerobic and anaerobic conditions we convert organic N to NH4+. That is decomposition and ammonification, and mineralization. In the aerobic conditions, ammonium can be used as an electron DONOR and be converted to Nitrate (nitrification) |
| Walking through Reddy and DeLaune figure Part 2 | Nitrate (NO3-) will diffuse down and be used as the electron acceptor to create nitrogen gas in anaerobic conditions (denitrification). Because nitrification only happens in aerobic conditions, becuase oxygen needs to be present to accept the electron, |
| Walking through Reddy and DeLaune figure Part 3 | we create a diffusional gradient. In the water, we see ammoniuim and ammonia changing the number of hydrogen atoms they have and changing forms, due to being in water. |
| Walking through time since flooding graph CO2 -When flooding occurs water fills our soil pores, oxygen is rapidly consumed, and redox potential drops. | Microbial decomposition is still occurring in flooded and saturated conditions and because iron and sulfate are more preferable to CO2 as electron acceptors, methanogenesis occurs much later allowing for CO2 to accumulate. CO2 least preferred acceptor. |
| Walking through time since flooding graph Fe2 and Fe3 | After flooding Fe3 is being used up as an electron acceptor because nitrogen and oxygen are less available. This is why it decreases over time. As it is used as an electron acceptor, it creates Fe2, explaining why that increases over time. |
| Consumption and Production processes of Methane CH4 | Consumption: Methane oxidation Production: Methanogenesis |
| Consumption and Production processes of CO2 | Consumption: Photosynthesis and methanogenesis Production: Respiration and decomposition |
| How can vegetation increase aerobic-anaerobic interfaces? | Increasing the number of root zones |
| Briefly describe wetland mitigation | Wetlands under some jurisdiction are going to be developed. The developer is not in dept and must buy mitigation credits. Credits serve as replacement or repair of equal scale elsewhere. NO NET LOSS |
| Resteration | Getting a system back to its previous condition |
| Enhancement | Improving certain aspects of a system |
| Creation | Creating a new system entirely |
| Why can sometimes you only do enhancement? | Driving forces have chaged. I.E. different hydrologic characteristics make it impossible to restore. |
| 3 things to consider when restoring enhancing or creating. | Topography/hydrology, species types, soils |
| 2 Inorganic electron donors | Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonium |
| What does SRP stand for | Soluble reactive phosphorus |
| Why is SRP measured in water quality testing | It represents the most bioavailable form of P and represesnts redox sensitive P |
Created by:
jackscarbs