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US History Final
Winter
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Renaissance: | Rebirth of Classical (Ancient Greek & Roman) ideals found in art, architecture, literature, philosophy, etc. |
| Small pox: | disease brought over by Europeans that was devastating to large numbers of indigenous people due to their lack of immunity |
| Conquistadores: | conquering-explorers from Spain |
| Cortez: | Led the Spanish conquest of Mexico |
| Aztecs: | violent, pagan tribe that had built an empire in Mexico |
| Montezuma: | emperor of the Aztecs; namesake of a gastrointestinal infection that occurs when people consume contaminated food or water (Montezuma’s Revenge) |
| Franciscans: | Religious order that was active in Mexico in the 16th and 17th centuries |
| Bishop Zumarraga: | First Bishop of Mexico |
| Juan Ponce de Leon: | explorer; journeyed to the southern coast of Florida, killed by hostile natives |
| Coronado: | Spanish explorer, sought a city of gold in Mexico |
| Father Juan de Padilla: | offered the first Mass on the North American continent |
| Jacques Cartier: | discovered the main waterway into the Great Lakes (Saint Lawrence River) |
| Common Goal: | a common goal amongst many of the explorers was to establish a quicker route to Asia, by traveling west. They were, of course, unaware of the length and breadth of land and ocean that stood in the way of accomplishing this futile objective. |
| scurvy: | a condition from which many overseas explorers suffered that is characterized by loss of teeth and is the result of a Vitamin C deficiency |
| Samuel de Champlain: | sailed further than Cartier, up the Saint Lawrence River, founding Quebec and supporting missionary efforts along his journey to the Great Lakes |
| Saint Juan Diego: | visionary that was blessed by visits from Our Lady of Guadalupe, whose instruction included the directive that a chapel be built in her honor and whose aim was to convert the native peoples of Mexico |
| Patronness of the Pro-Life Cause: | Our Lady of Guadalupe is a fitting patroness of the Pro-Life Movement because she brought an end to the Aztec’s culture of death (human sacrifice) and is now being called upon to defend the innocent, unborn) |
| Missions: | The Franciscan Missions provided education, assisted with farming (including providing native people with more advanced techniques and equipment), and administered the Sacraments |
| John Cabot: | Anglicized name of an Italian explorer who was the first individual to arrive in America on behalf of England |
| Sir Walter Raleigh: | knighted by Queen Elizabeth I, he established the doomed colony at Roanoke |
| Henry VI: | British monarch that sent the first explorers to America in the name of England |
| The Virginia Company: | one of several English companies whose aim was to make handsome profits overseas; went on to sell huge quantities of tobacco to European Markets |
| blackrobes: | nickname for Jesuit missionaries in New France |
| Saint Isaac Jogues: | French Jesuit whose heroism planted the seeds to convert the native peoples of New France; martyred by Mohawks near to the birthplace of the future Native American Saint, Kateri Tekakwitha |
| Marquette & Joliet: | a priest and fur trader, respectively, that explored much of the Mississippi River in the name of France |
| John Smith: | sent by the Virginia Company, an important leader in the establishment of the first successful British colony at Jamestown |
| First Thanksgiving: | Settlers of the Plymouth Colony establish contact with Samoset and Squanto, an Indian trained in English by the church in Europe, to celebrate for several days after surviving a brutal winter. The celebration includes members of several local tribes and |
| Mayflower Compact: | Significant in that the presence of the Puritans was in the name of religious freedom, and this document was aimed to uphold that right, amongst others. One of the first independently produced government documents in American history, had religious freedo |
| John Rolfe: | responsible for introducing tobacco to Virginia from the Caribbean, and secures serious profits for the Virginia Company; marries Pocahontas who converts and becomes, “Rebecca.” |
| John Adams: | Patriot, Federalist and future American President that represented the British in court after the Boston Massacre |
| Ohio River Valley: | disputed territory at the center of the French and Indian War |
| Sons of Liberty: | secret patriot organization that monitored British activity and planned acts of resistance |
| Proclamation Line: | A border established by legislation passed in England that restricted the expansion of colonies beyond the Appalachian Mountains. Colonists were angry because they had fought and sacrificed to defend British interests in America. Now, they were being told |
| Advantages War in America and the Struggle for Independence: | French knew terrain and had formed solid alliances with native people. The British were seasoned soldiers, disciplined and serving under experienced and distinguished leadership. |
| Plains of Abraham: | The English surprise the French at Quebec by scaling cliffs at night, and assembling on the Plains of Abraham, catching the French unprepared for a dawn attack that secures victory for the British in the French and Indian War |
| General Montcalm: | French General killed in the Battle of Quebec |
| General Wolfe: | Famous English General killed at the Battle of Quebec |
| Treaty of Paris (1763): | Treaty that ended the French and Indian War–all territory ceded to England, accept the fishing islands of Miquelon and St. Pierre |
| Loyalists: | Colonists loyal to Britain |
| Stamp Act: | British tax on paper goods that incensed the colonists: taxation without representation is tyranny! |
| British East India Company: | Given the ability to sell tea, untaxed, by the British Government in an underhanded attempt to get the colonists to comply with British tax legislation in the wake of the repeal of the Stamp Act. The patriots responded by organizing the Boston Tea Party. |
| Thomas Paine: | Author of Common Sense, an important pamphlet enumerating the reasons why the colonies should break free from British rule. |
| Lexington & Concord: | American patriots receive intelligence that the British plan to seize arms in Concord. Paul Revere ran ahead to warn Massachusetts farmers. Minutemen took a stand against the surprised British. No one knows who fired the first shot (the shot heard around |
| Declaration of Independence, Basic Rights: | Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness |
| Declaration of Independence, God: | Nature’s God, Creator, Supreme Judge, Divine Providence, Sacred Honor |
| Declaration of Independence, Grievances: | Quartering of soldiers, dissolved representative bodies, Proclamation Line, standing armies in peace time without consent, depriving trial by jury, impressment, cutting off trade, placed military above civil jurisdiction, etc. |
| Advantage: | The patriots had an advantage that is said to have given them an edge in combat. They had a lot to lose if they were defeated. British retribution would be severe. They also were driven by religious conviction in the protection of what were understood to |
| Shay’s Rebellion: | In a fledgling America, still under the Articles of the Confederation, A violent uprising of farmers, war veterans, that took a stand against unfair taxation and seizure of property, led by Daniel Shay. The event played a significant role in the decision |
| Ratify: | to accept and to pass legislation |
| Bill of Rights: | 10 Amendments to the Constitution advanced by anti-federalists aimed at protecting basic rights of citizens against a potential abuse of power by the US government |
| Federalists: | Believed in a strong national government: George Washington, John Adams |
| Anti-Federalists: | Believed in a weaker national government: Thomas Jefferson, James Madison |
| Virginia Plan: | Authored by Edmund Randolph, favored a Congress whose membership was based upon population. This would make states with larger populations have a greater impact in decisions advanced by Congress. |
| New Jersey Plan: | Authored by William Patterson, favored a Congress whose membership was based upon equal representation, one delegate from each state. This plan would reduce the impact of the voice of larger populations. |
| Connecticut Compromise: | Resolution of the conflict between the supporters of the Virginia v. New Jersey Plans. There would be two houses in Congress. The House of Representatives would be comprised of members based upon population (like the Virginia Plan proposed). The Senate wo |
| 1492 | Christopher Columbus discovered America |
| 1497 | first explorer arrives in America on behalf of England |
| 1500-1650 | Renaissance |
| 1531 | year Our Lady of Guadalupe appeared to Juan Diego |
| 1585 | year Sir Walter Raleigh arrived with settlers in Roanoke |
| 1607 | year John Smith’s arrived with settlers on a peninsula on the coast of Virginia (Jamestown) |
| March 5, 1770: | date of the Boston Massacre |
| April 19, 1775: | skirmishes at Lexington and Concord |
| July 4, 1776: | signing of the Declaration of Independence |
| October 19, 1781 | date the British surrendered to the US at Yorktown |
| 1783 | Year the Treaty of Paris ending the American Revolution was signed |
| 1787 | Constitutional Convention took place |
Created by:
elliemay56