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Cognitive Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the properties of language? | Communicative, Arbitrary Symbolic, Regularly Structured, Structured on multiple levels, generative/productive, dynamic |
| Regularly Structured | arrangement of words that make them meaningful |
| Structured at multiple levels | sound, word, sentence, |
| generative/productive | rules allow creation of unlimited number of new utterances |
| dynamic | evolved over time |
| Psycholinguistics | the relationship between linguistic behavior and psychological processes |
| What are the properties of psycholinguistics? | comprehension, production using language, relationship of language to thought, pragmatics |
| The basic components of linguistic utterance | phonemes, morphemes, syntax, semantics |
| Phonemes | speech sounds in a given language |
| Morphemes | smallest units of meaning |
| Syntax | rules for combining words to convey a particular meaning |
| Semantics | meaning |
| How many phonemes does the English language have? | 20-24 (also known as the smallest units in a spoken language) |
| Speech segmentation | the process of identifying boundaries between words, syllables or phonemes in spoken languages even when the physical signal is continuous/unbroken |
| Catagorical Perception | when stimuli that exist on a continuum are perceived as discrete categories |
| How else do we identify phonemes? | by looking at face/lip movements (audio visual perception) |
| The Mcgurlc effect | When the face/lip correspond to a different phoneme than the sound stimuli |
| What did miller and isreal discover? | we perceive words better when they are in normal and meaningful grammatical sentences |
| Shadowing task | listen to sentences in earphones and repeat aloud what you are hearing |
| Is much of our spoken language learning unconscious? | yes and there is automatic recognition of statistical patterns in the sounds |
| What was Saffron study? | Made infants listen to four different words and eventually had them pick up a pattern |
| Word superiority effect | easier to perceive letters when they are in a word |
| Sentence superiority effect | we read words faster when they are in a sentence and identify degraded words better when in a sentence |
| Syntax | Tells you if a particular combination of words is valid in this language |
| What are the traditional models of syntax called? | phrase (organized sentences into hierarches of phrases) |
| What did Noam Chompsky do? | expanded traditional grammar, translated different formulations of the same meaning |
| Transformational grammar | the system our brain uses to get various surface structures out of the same underlying deep structure |
| What are the steps of transformational grammar? | Subordinator deletion, subordinate clause subject deletion, participalization, subject replacement |
| Which brain area's are most important to language? | Wernicle's area and broca's area |
| Wernicle's Area | language comprehension (left temporal lobe) |
| Broca's Area | language production (left frontal lobe) |
| Comprehension | the ability to understand language |
| Aphasia | Speech/language disorders caused by brain damage |
| What are the components of Aphasia? | left hemisphere damage |
| Expressive Aphasia | problems producing language but they understand others alright, typically labored and stilted speech and short/ non-grammatical sentences |
| Receptive Aphasia | trouble understanding language/meaning but can produce fluent speech (content is meaningless/disorganized) |
| Saphir-Warf Hypothesis | language shapes our thoughts and perceptions, constrains our interpretation of experiences |
| T/F: Once a linguistic label categorizes a figure as one thing or another, your visual memory of what you saw is altered | True |
| What did Loftus and Palmer study? | Showed participants clips of car accidents, and were asked to describe what happened as an eyewitness |
| Judgement decision making | how we form beliefs and how inaccurate we can be in our thinking |
| Heuristics | mental shortcuts; non-optimal methods of decision making or problem solving that are usually "good-enough" |
| What are the benefits of heuristic thinking? | ease cognitive load of hard tasks, speed up decision making, and non-optimal |
| Availability Heuristic | We make judgements based on how easily something comes to mind |
| Representiveness Heuristic | we make judgements based on how well something fits a prototype or stereotype |
| Base rate neglect | we tend to ignore information about the general rate of something in the population & over-emphasize information about a specific situation |
| Framing effect | decisions can depend on how choices are presented and worded |
| What is bottom-up information gathered from? | Sensory information |
| The prevelance of an event or characteristic within its population of events/characteristics is called the ____ rate | base |
| Which area of the cortex is Wernick's area located? | Temporal Lobe |
| What is the smallest unit of speech sound in a language? | Phoneme |
| When objects look like one idea or another based on previous context? | The saphir-worf hypothesis |
| Looking at a spectogram. Someone who is speaking a sentence shows that there is... | There are no clear pauses between words |
| Peak End Rule | People judge an experience by its most intense moment |
| Representiveness Heuristic | A mental shortcut where we judge the probability of something belonging to a catagory by how much it resembles our mental prototype |
| Neglect is mostly related to? | The peak-end rule |
| In Miller and Isards shadowing task, what did background noise do? | Dropped the accuracy for ungrammatical strings |
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