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Biology
Chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Light microscope | Uses a beam of light to illuminate a specimen |
| Magnification | Increase in an object’s image size compared to its actual size |
| Resolution | Ability to distinguish two nearby objects as separate |
| Cell theory | All living things are made of cells and all cells come from other cells |
| Electron microscope (EM) | Uses a beam of electrons to view a specimen |
| Scanning electron microscope (SEM) | Views the external structures of a cell |
| Transmission electron microscope (TEM) | Views the internal structures of a cell |
| Prokaryotic cell | Cell that lacks a distinct nucleus and membrane |
| Size of prokaryotic cells | Small and simple |
| Organization of prokaryotic cells | Always unicellular |
| Organisms with prokaryotic cells | Bacteria |
| Shapes of prokaryotic cells | Spiral, rod |
| Nucleoid | Region in a prokaryotic cell where DNA is found |
| Cytoplasm (cytosol) | Jelly |
| Ribosomes | Structures that synthesize proteins |
| Plasma membrane | Controls what enters and leaves the cell. Semi-permeable phospholipid layer |
| Cell wall (prokaryotic) | Rigid layer that provides protection and support |
| Capsule | Protective outer coating on some prokaryotic cells |
| Cilia (fimbriae) and flagella | Structures that help cells move or attach |
| Eukaryotic cell | Cell that contains a nucleus and membrane |
| Size of eukaryotic cells | Large and complex |
| Organization of eukaryotic cells | Can be unicellular or multicellular |
| Organisms with eukaryotic cells | Plants, animals, fungi, and protists |
| Nucleus | Control center of the cell that contains genetic instructions |
| DNA | Molecule that carries genetic information |
| Chromosomes | Tightly wound DNA |
| Chromatin | Unwound DNA used for protein production |
| Nucleolus | Site of ribosome production |
| Nuclear envelope | Double membrane with pores that controls movement in and out of the nucleus |
| Function of ribosomes | Build proteins |
| Free ribosomes | Ribosomes floating freely in the cytoplasm |
| Bound ribosomes | Ribosomes attached to the rough ER or nuclear envelope |
| Endomembrane system | Group of connected membranes that work together to modify and transport materials |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Largest component of the endomembrane system |
| Smooth ER | Synthesizes lipids and lacks ribosomes |
| Rough ER | Synthesizes proteins and has ribosomes attached |
| Golgi apparatus | Modifies, sorts, and ships proteins and lipids |
| Lysosomes | Membrane |
| Function of lysosomes | Digest food, bacteria, and recycle old organelles |
| Vacuoles | Large vesicles used for storage |
| Vacuoles in animal cells | Small and numerous; store food, water, and waste |
| Central vacuole | Large vacuole in plant cells that stores water |
| Mitochondria | Site of cellular respiration that produces ATP |
| Why mitochondria are called the powerhouse | They convert food energy into ATP |
| Chloroplast | Organelle that performs photosynthesis |
| Function of chloroplasts | Convert light energy into chemical energy (sugars) |
| Cytoskeleton | Network of protein fibers that provide structure and movement |
| Components of the cytoskeleton | Microtubules and microfilaments |
| Centrioles | Paired microtubule structures involved in cell division |
| Cells that contain centrioles | Animal cells |
| Cilia and flagella (eukaryotic) | Microtubule |
| Cytoplasm | Thick liquid that fills the cell and allows metabolic reactions to occur |
| Cell wall (plant cells) | Outer layer made of cellulose that provides support and protection |
| Plasma (cell) membrane | Phospholipid bilayer that controls movement in and out of the cell |
| Cells with a plasma membrane | All cells |
| Cell membrane | Controls what goes in and out of the cell. Made of Phospholipids |
| What do animal cells have that plants do not? | Lysosomes |
| What do plant cells have that animals do not? | Chloroplasts |
| What is in the Nucleus and Ribosomes functional group? | Nucleus, Nuclear Envelope, Nucleolus, Chromatin, Chromosomes, Ribosomes |
| What is in the Endomembrane System? | Smooth ER, Rough ER, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosome, Vacuoles, Plastid |
| Energy Converting Organelles | Mitochondria, Chloroplast |
| The Cytoskeleton and Cell Surfaces group | Cytoskeleton, Microtubules, Microfilaments, Centrioles, Flagella, Cilia, Cell Membrane |
| Centrosome | Consisting of two Centrioles (animal cells) |
Created by:
katdolan