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Final Review Physiol
PHysiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following is not one of the basic components in a feedback control loop? Effector mechanism Transmitter Sensor Integrating center | Transmitter |
| The term glycoprotein, a combination of 2 words, tells you that the compound is made of ___, with __being the dominant component. a lipid and a protein; the lipid carb and protein; carb a lipid and a protein; the protein carb and protein; protein | carbohydrate and protein: protein |
| Which energy-releasing or energy-transferring molecule does not contain a nucleotide? FAD Creatine phosphate NAD ATP | creatine phosphate |
| A structural lipid found in the cell membrane is a: triglyceride. phospholipid. steroid. Both B and C are correct. | phospholipid and steroid |
| Which of the following is not one of the major groups of organic substances in the human body? Proteins Salts Lipids Nucleic acids | salts |
| The amino group in an amino acid is: NH3+. COO–. symbolized by the letter R. SO2. | NH3+ |
| Unsaturated fats: contain all the hydrogen atoms they can hold. contain only single bonds between carbon atoms. are usually solids at room temperature. will kink or bend because of the double bonds between the carbon atoms. | will kink or bend because of the double bonds between the carbon atoms. |
| Which lipid acts as a “tissue hormone”? Triglyceride Prostaglandin Steroid Phospholipid | prostaglandin |
| Which level of protein structure refers to the number, kind, and sequence of amino acids? Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary | primary |
| What is the most important factor in determining the physical and chemical properties of fatty acids? Degree of saturation Presence of glycerol Available bonds of hydrocarbons Polarity | degree of saturation |
| Amino acids frequently become joined by: peptide bonds. catabolic reactions. atrophic reactions. all of the above. | peptide bonds |
| What structure is formed by the union of the basal and reticular lamina? Nucleus Basement membrane Lysosome Endoplasmic reticulum | basement membrane |
| Basement membrane is composed of molecules made by _____ tissue. muscle connective epithelial Both B and C are correct. | Both B and C: connective and epithelial tissue |
| The hypodermis: connects the dermis to underlying tissues. is the layer of skin in which hair is produced. connects the dermis and the epidermis. is the layer of skin in which the nails are produced. | connects the dermis to underlying tissues. |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of epithelial tissue? Forms glands that secrete substances into and out of the body Is important in communication and control Covers and protects body surfaces Lines the interior of body cavities | Is important in communication and control |
| Which is not a function of epithelial tissue? Absorption Secretion Assimilation Protection | Assimilation |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of muscle tissue? Cells are specialized to contract Produces movement for the body Generates heat for the body Cells are separated by a large quantity of extracellular matrix | Cells are separated by a large quantity of extracellular matrix |
| Which type of tissue has the greatest capacity to regenerate? Muscle Nervous Epithelial All of the above tissue have about equal ability to regenerate. | Epithelial |
| Which cells help destroy pathogens and damaged tissue in the brain? Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells Astrocytes Microglia | Microglia |
| Which is not a function of connective tissue? Transport Support Defense Communication | Communication |
| Which of the following is not a function of the skin? Defense against disease organisms Synthesis of vitamin E Regulation of body temperature Excretion of water and salts | Synthesis of vitamin E |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of smooth muscles? Having one nucleus per cell Having intercalated disks Composing the walls of the viscera Usually not being under voluntary control | Having intercalated disks |
| If there is an injury to the occipital bone you may expect that which sense is damaged? hearing speech smell vision | vision |
| The ulna articulates proximally with the: carpal bones. humerus. scapula. None of the above is correct. | humerus |
| Calcification of the organic bone matrix occurs when complex calcium salts are deposited in the matrix. complex calcium salts are removed. calcium is replaced by phosphorus. calcium is replaced by myeloid tissue. | complex calcium salts are deposited in the matrix. |
| In intramembranous ossification, the process of appositional growth refers to: development of a core layer of spongy bone development of compact bone in long bones addition of an outside layer of osseous tissue on flat bones lengthening of long bone | addition of an outside layer of osseous tissue on flat bones. |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the epiphyses? Made of spongy bone Cylindrical in shape Contain red bone marrow All of the above are characteristics of the epiphyses. | Cylindrical in shape |
| Small cells that synthesize and secrete a specialized organic matrix are osteoclasts. osteons. osteoblasts. osteocytes. | osteoblasts |
| Appositional growth of cartilage occurs when chondrocytes begin to divide and secrete additional calcium. additional matrix. less calcium. less matrix. | additional matrix. |
| Which of the following may cause skeletal variations? Inadequate supply of calcium and vitamin D Mechanical stress Age All of the above may cause skeletal variations | all of the above |
| Normally, bone loss will begin to exceed bone gain between the ages of _____ years. 20 and 25 25 and 30 30 and 35 35 and 40 | 35-40 |
| During childbirth, a baby passes through an imaginary plane called the: pelvic outlet. symphysis pubis. pelvic brim. ilium. | pelvic outlet |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the diaphysis? Provides a bulbous shape for attachment of muscle Hollow Composed of compact bone All of the above are characteristics of the diaphysis. | Provides a bulbous shape for attachment of muscle |
| One similarity between the structures of the foot and hand is the equivalent degrees of movement of both the thumb and the big toe. True False | False |
| In bone formation, the cells that produce the organic matrix are the: osteoblasts. osteocytes. osteoclasts. chondrocytes. | osteoblasts |
| Blood calcium levels involve secretion of which two hormones? parathyroid and adrenaline parathyroid and calcitonin calcitonin and adrenaline calcitonin and aldosterone | parathyroid and calcitonin |
| The primary ossification center of a long bone is located: in the diaphysis. in the epiphysis. in the medullary cavity. at the epiphyseal cartilage. | in the diaphysis |
| All are true characteristics of an isometric contraction except: muscle doesnt shorten it can produce work by tightening 2 resist a force movement is produced the tension produced by the myosin cross-bridges cant overcome the load placed on the muscle | movement is produced. |
| White fibers are also called _____ fibers. fast slow elongated intermediate | fast |
| Skeletal muscles are innervated by: somatic motor neurons. autonomic motor neurons. both somatic and autonomic motor neurons. internal stimulation. | somatic motor neurons. |
| Which of the following is not one of the major functions of muscles? Movement Protection Heat production Posture | protect |
| Which joint allows for a unique movement called opposition? Saddle Pivot Hinge Condyloid | saddle |
| The type of movement that occurs when the head is dropped to the shoulder, then to the chest, to the other shoulder, and toward the back is: rotation. flexion. extension. circumduction. | circumduction |
| In terms of function, which is considered an immovable joint? Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis All joints are movable. | Synarthrosis |
| Stretching the foot down and back and pointing the toe is called: plantar flexion. dorsiflexion. hyperextension. abduction. | plantar flexion |
| The ability of muscle cells to respond to nerve stimuli is called: irritability. contractility. extensibility. elasticity. | irritability |
| Which of the following terms describes an isometric contraction? Eccentric contraction Static tension Concentric contraction Both A and C | static tension |
| The contractile unit of a muscle cell is the sarcomere. actin. myosin. myofibril. | sarcomere. |
| Cross-bridges are also called: myosin heads. motor end plates. synapses. motor neurons. | myosin heads. |
| The substance that attracts oxygen in the myoglobin molecule is: hemoglobin. calcium. iron. ATP. | iron |
| During which phase of the twitch contraction is there a triggering of the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm? Latent period Contraction phase Relaxation phase None of the above | latent period |
| The chief function of the T-tubules is to: provide nutrients to the muscle fiber. allow for the fiber to contract. allow for electrical signals to move deeper into the cell. allow for the generation of new muscle fibers. | allow for electrical signals to move deeper into the cell. |
| Which is true of action potential? plasma membrane is impermeable to Na+ & K+ ions Na+ ions move extracellularly charges become = on outside & inside of the plasma membrane The outside of the plasma membrane is -ly charged & the inside is +ly charged | The outside of the plasma membrane is negatively charged, and the inside is positively charged. |
| Neurotransmitters are released in a synapse and bind to: presynaptic terminals. the synaptic cleft. the base of the axon. receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. | receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. |
| Which of the following antidepressants acts by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase (MAO)? Phenelzine Imipramine Amitriptyline Cocaine | Phenelzine |
| Acetylcholine is in the same class of neurotransmitters as: serotonin. histamine. dopamine. none of the above. | None of the above |
| A synaptic knob would be located on a(n): cell body. axon. dendrite. cell body, axon, or dendrite. | axon |
| The active transport mechanism in the plasma membrane that transports sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions and at different rates is the: sodium-potassium pump. ion pum chloride channel. sodium-potassium channel. | sodium-potassium pump. |
| What is true of neuron w/a resting potential? cell membrn is permeable to Na+ but impermeable 2 K+ ions outer surface of plasma membrn has (-) charge highest concntrtn of K+ is extracellular sodium pump has moved Na+ to outside of the plasma membrane | The sodium pump has moved Na+ to the outside of the plasma membrane. |
| A slight shift away from the resting membrane potentials in a specific region of the plasma membrane is called a _____ potential. membrane resting membrane local None of the above is correct. | local |
| The 1st event to occur when an adequate stimulus is applied to a neuron is: membrane potential moves immediately 2 a value of +30 mV potassium channels open sodium channels are inactivated some of the sodium channels at the point of stimulation open | some of the sodium channels at the point of stimulation open. |
| Which neuron could transmit a nerve impulse the fastest? A small-diameter neuron without myelin A large-diameter neuron without myelin A large-diameter neuron with myelin A small-diameter neuron with myelin | A large-diameter neuron with myelin |
| No impulse can be sent through a neuron: during the relative refractory period. when the charge of the neuron is –70. during the absolute refractory period. when the stimulus is too strong. | during the absolute refractory period. |
| Which of the following is not one of the main chemical classes of neurotransmitters? Triglycerides Amines Amino acids Neuropeptides | Triglycerides |
| A term commonly used as a synonym for action potential is nerve impulse. stimulus. repolarization. depolarization. | nerve impulse. |
| The neurotransmitter(s) that inhibit(s) the conduction of pain impulses is(are): acetylcholine. enkephalins. dopamine. norepinephrine. | enkephalins. |
| Blood vessels in both digestive organs and skeletal muscles are dilated by sympathetic stimulation. True False | False |
| The cerebellum performs all of the following functions except: coordinates control of muscle action. helps control posture. controls cardiac function. controls skeletal muscles to maintain balance. | controls cardiac function. |
| Impulses sent over which tracts could result in voluntary movement, especially of the hands, fingers, feet, and toes of the opposite side? Medial reticulospinal Lateral reticulospinal Ventral corticospinal Lateral corticospinal | Lateral corticospinal |
| Nerve impulses over the _____ nerve cause increased peristalsis and decreased heart rate. olfactory trigeminal vagus hypoglossal | vagus |
| Impulses from the _____ play a part in arousing or alerting the cerebrum. pons thalamus cerebellum hypothalamus | thalamus |
| A mixed nerve is one that: goes both to the skin surface and to the viscera. has its pathway mixed with other nerves. carries both sensory and motor fibers. carries large and small motor fibers. | carries both sensory and motor fibers. |
| If the ventral nerve root of a spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose _____ related to that pathway. sensory perception willed movement only reflex activity both reflex activity and sensation | willed movement |
| The vomiting reflex is mediated by the: cerebrum. medulla. thalamus. cerebellum. | medula |
| Most effectors of the autonomic nervous system are dually innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. True False | true |
| knee jerk is classified as a segmental reflex because: center of reflex arc lies in spinalcord gray matter impulses mediate it enter & leave the same segment of the cord impulses mediate it come from & go 2 the same side of body | impulses that mediate it enter and leave the same segment of the cord. |
| The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions always act with a cooperative influence, and through summation of the impulses, the effect can be increased. True False | False |
| Audition is a function of the _____ lobe. occipital temporal parietal frontal | temporal |
| Which of the following is not true of the knee jerk reflex? It is a flexor reflex. It is an ipsilateral reflex. It is a spinal cord reflex. It does not have to involve the brain. | It is a flexor reflex. |
| Biofeedback involves willful control of specific effectors normally controlled only autonomically. True False | true |
| The part of the brain that can directly influence or inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary is the: hypothalamus. thalamus. medulla. midbrain. | hypothalamus. |
| Accommodation for near vision necessitates an increase in the curvature of the lens. constriction of the pupils. convergence of the two eyes. all of the above. | all of the above |
| Which of the following is not true of a receptor potential? It follows the all-or-none law. It is a graded response. It occurs when an adequate stimulus acts on a receptor. It can stimulate an action potential in the axon of a sensory neuron | It follows the all-or-none law. |
| One of the few hormones that functions on a positive-feedback loop is: ADH. calcitonin. oxytocin. insulin. | oxytocin |
| If you slammed your finger in a car door, it would stimulate _____ pain fibers. chronic acute visceral both chronic and visceral | acute |
| The clear and potassium-rich fluid that fills the labyrinth is endolymph. perilymph. exolymph. none of the above. | endolymph. |
| The receptors responsible for sensing crude and persistent touch are the: Meissner corpuscles. Krause end bulbs. Ruffini corpuscles. free nerve endings. | Ruffini corpuscles. |
| The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is: progesterone. estrogen. LTH. chorionic gonadotropin. | progesterone. |
| Which of following is true about pain receptors? alpha fibers respond to chronic pain alpha fibers are associated with dull, aching pain alpha fibers are associated with sharp, localized pain beta fibers are associated with sharp, localized pain | alpha fibers are associated with sharp, localized pain |
| The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the: anterior pituitary. posterior pituitary. thyroid gland. parathyroid gland. | anterior pituitary. |
| Which of the statements is not true of the pineal gland? It is located on the dorsal aspect of the diencephalon. Melatonin is stimulated by the presence of sunlight. It produces melatonin. All of the above are true of the pineal gland. | Melatonin is stimulated by the presence of sunlight. |
| All of the following are nonsteroid hormones except: oxytocin. calcitonin. cortisol. glucagon. | cortisol. |
| The type of cells that secrete ACTH are: somatotrophs. lactotrophs. thyrotrophs. corticotrophs. | corticotrophs. |
| The somatic senses enable us to detect sensations, including: touch. temperature. pain. all of the above. | all of the above |
| The olfactory tract carries impulses associated with: taste. equilibrium. smell. pain. | smell |
| The two-point discrimination test can be used to measure: visual acuity the ability to determine the location of a sound the sensitivity of the skin in various parts of the body the ability to measure the relative temperature of two different objects | the sensitivity of the skin in various parts of the body |
| Which of the following is(are) involved in determining a person’s total blood volume? Age Body type Sex All of the above | all of the above |
| Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces. This process is called diapedesis. chemotaxis. erythroblastosis. hematopoiesis. | diapedesis. |
| In pregnancy, what happens to the oxygenated blood returned from the placenta via the umbilical vein? It flows into the inferior vena cava It flows into the superior vena cava. It flows into the ductus venosus. It flows into the ductus arteriosus. | It flows into the inferior vena cava |
| Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as: hemoglobin. osteons. erythroblasts. hematopoietic stem cells. | hematopoietic stem cells. |
| Platelets play an important role in blood clotting. fighting infection. carrying oxygen. carrying carbon dioxide. | blood clotting |
| The heart begins beating in the fetus at about what stage of development? Third Month Second Trimester After about 4 weeks After about 2 weeks | After about 4 weeks |
| The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure is called Korotkoff sounds. minute volume. pulse pressure. pressure gradient. | pulse pressure |
| Circulatory shock caused by a drop in the amount of blood in the circulatory system is called _____ shock. hypovolemic cardiogenic anaphylactic septic | hypovolemic |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. Spectrin Hematocrit Hematopoiesis Hemocytometer | hematocrit |
| Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses is considered a major mechanism of vasoconstriction. vasodilation. vasopressure. vasomotor control. | vasodilation |
| Molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assemble themselves on the enemy cell’s surface, which results in cytolysis. crenation. apoptosis. hemolysis. | cytolysis |
| During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body. cytotoxic T cells antigen-presenting cells thymocytes memory T cells | thymocytes |
| The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles is called pinocytosis. exocytosis. apedesis. phagocytosis. | phagocytosis. |
| Lymphocytes that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses are known as phagocytes. leukocytes. natural killer cells. macrophages. | natural killer cells. |
| Memory cells: immediately secrete antibodies when they are formed. are supporting cells and are not related to antibody production. are a special type of T cell. become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen. | become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen. |
| Which protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease? natural killer cell interferon macrophage viral enzyme | interferon |
| The function of which antibody is basically unknown? IgE IgD IgM IgA | IgD |
| _______ is the only antibody class with the ability to cross the placental barrier, providing passive immunity to the developing fetus during pregnancy. IgE. IgG. IgM. IgA. | IgG. |
| _____ refers to a phenomenon in which the genetic characteristics common to a particular kind of organism provide defense against certain pathogens. Inflammatory response Antigen resistance Immunity resistance Species resistance | Species resistance |
| body’s defense mechanisms can be organized into one of two major categories of immune mechanisms; species resistance and specific immunity. mechanical and chemical barriers. innate and adaptive immunity. nonspecific and inflammatory immunity | innate and adaptive immunity. |
| The ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells is called: innate immunity. nonspecific immunity. self-tolerance. adaptive immunity. | self-tolerance. |
| Which of the following is a powerful poison that acts directly on any cell and quickly kills it? cytotoxin phagotoxin lymphotoxin granulotoxin | lymphotoxin |
| Activities that result in central movement or flow of lymph are called lymph mechanisms. lymphokinetic activities. lymphatic activities. none of the above. | lymphokinetic activities. |
| The functions of the lymph nodes are defense and hemostasis. defense and diapedesis. defense and hematopoiesis. hematopoiesis and hemostasis. | defense and hematopoiesis. |
| Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas varies _____ with pressure at a _____ temperature. directly; constant inversely; constant directly; constantly changing inversely; constantly changing | inversely; constant |
| External respiration can be defined as: the exchange of gases between the lung and the blood capillaries in the lung. pulmonary ventilation. the exchange of gases between the blood capillaries and the tissue cells. both A and B. | both a and b |
| When the pressure in the lung is greater than atmospheric pressure: inspiration occurs. expiration occurs. lung tissue has collapsed. the bronchioles are obstructed. | expiration occurs |
| The term used to describe the volume of air exchanged during normal inspiration and expiration is: inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume. vital capacity. tidal volume. residual volume. | tidal volume. |
| During inspiration, the expansion of the lungs causes: cohesion of visceral and parietal pleura. a pressure gradient from alveoli to atmosphere. a decrease in alveolar pressure. an increase in intrathoracic pressure from about –6 to –4 mm Hg. | a decrease in alveolar pressure. |
| Vital capacity is = 2 the sum of inspiratory capacity & residual volume inspiratry reserve volum, tidal volum & expiratry reserve volum tidal volum, residual volum & expiratory reserve volum inspiratry reserve volum, tidal volum & inspiratory capacity | inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. |
| The tendency of the thorax and lungs to return to the preinspiration volume is called: compliance. elastic recoil. expiration. ventilation. | elastic recoil. |
| Which gas law deals with the solubility of gases in solution? Dalton Henry Boyle Charles | Henry |
| By the time the blood leaves the lung capillaries to return to the heart, what percentage of the blood’s hemoglobin has united with oxygen? 55% 63% 82% 97% | 97% |
| Ciliated cells lining the respiratory tract: help move air into and out of the lungs. trap and phagocytize microorganisms. help move the mucus blanket toward the pharynx. do both B and C. | help move the mucus blanket toward the pharynx |
| The approximate partial pressure of oxygen at standard atmospheric pressure is about _____ mm Hg. 23 160 300 590 | 160 |
| Which is not true statement? When diaphragm relaxes, it returns to domelike shape When diaphragm contracts, it pulls floor of thoracic cavity downward Changes in thorax size bring inspiration & expiration Raising ribs decreases depth & width of thorax | Raising the ribs decreases the depth and width of the thorax. |
| Internal respiration can be defined as: the exchange of gases between the lung and the blood capillaries in the lung. pulmonary ventilation. the exchange of gases between the blood capillaries and the tissue cells. both A and B. | e exchange of gases between the blood capillaries and the tissue cells. |
| Which of the following is not a means of transporting oxygen in the blood? As oxyhemoglobin Combined with the bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) Dissolved in the plasma All of the above are used to transport oxygen in the blood. | Combined with the bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) |
| Function of surfactant is: transport oxygen from the air 2 the blood transport carbon dioxide from the blood 2 the air prevent each alveolus from collapsing as air moves in & out during respiration trap foreign particles when enter the bronchial tree | prevent each alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration. |
| Bicarbonates are useful in the GI tract to: neutralize hydrochloric acid. break down fats. activate secretin. activate pepsin. | neutralize hydrochloric acid. |
| When classified according to the kind of chemical reactions catalyzed, digestive enzymes are referred to as _____ enzymes. oxidation-reduction hydrolyzing phosphorylating hydrase | hydrolyzing |
| The process of fat emulsification consists of: chemically breaking down fat molecules. the secretion of digestive juices for fat digestion. absorption of fats. breaking fats into small droplets. | breaking fats into small droplets. |
| Which of the processes of mechanical digestion involves the esophagus? Deglutition Peristalsis Churning Both A and B | both a and b |
| Which step of deglutition is under voluntary control? Oral stage Pharyngeal stage Esophageal stage Gastric phase | Oral stage |
| The hormone that inhibits gastric muscle, slowing passage of food into the duodenum, is called: gastric inhibitory peptide. enterogastrone. chyme. cholecystokinin. | gastric inhibitory peptide |
| Glucose moves from the GI tract into the circulatory system by the process of: diffusion. cotransport. facilitated diffusion. filtration. | cotransport. |
| The process of swallowing is known as: mastication. deglutition. peristalsis. segmentation. | deglutition |
| Which of the following is a disaccharide? Glucose Starch Sucrose Glycogen | sucrose |
| Hydrolysis refers to: breaking down a molecule of water to hydrogen and oxygen gas. using water to split larger compounds into smaller ones. using water to build larger compounds from smaller ones. none of the above. | using water to split larger compounds into smaller ones. |
| Which phase(s) of gastric secretion is(are) stimulated by the sight, taste, and smell of food? Intestinal phase Cephalic phase Gastric phase All of the above | cephalic phase |
| The purpose of peristalsis is to: break apart chunks of food and mix it in digestive juices. propel food forward along the GI tract. absorb food. enable swallowing. | propel food forward along the GI tract. |
| The enterogastric reflex causes: secretion of digestive enzymes in the small intestine. secretion of digestive enzymes in the stomach. inhibition of gastric peristalsis. acceleration of gastric peristalsis. | inhibition of gastric peristalsis. |
| The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is: enterogastrone. insulin. gastrin. cholecystokinin. | cholecystokinin. |
| Which blood vessel carries absorbed food from the GI tract to the liver? Hepatic artery Hepatic vein Portal vein Renal artery | Portal vein |
| Water normally leaves the body through _____ exits. two three four five | four |
| Which of the following would have the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions? pH 2 pH 6 pH 8 pH 10 | pH2 |
| The total fluid or water content of the human body ranges from _____ of its total weight. 15% to 25% 25% to 45% 45% to 75% 75% to 85% | 45% to 75% |
| In young adults, the percentage of body weight composed of water will average about _____ for males and _____ for females. 40%; 50% 60%; 50% 70%; 60% 60%; 70% | 60%; 50% |
| When the kidney secretes hydrogen ions, it primarily reabsorbs _____ ions. potassium calcium chloride sodium | sodium |
| Which is true of total body H2O? Overweight people have lower H2O content/kg of body wt than slender people Women have higher H2O content to men Elderly have higher H2O content than younger people Total body H2O ranges between 30-40% of total body wt | Overweight people have lower water content per kilogram of body weight than slender people. |
| Which of the following pairs are almost identical when compared chemically? Plasma and intracellular fluid Plasma and interstitial fluid Interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid | Plasma and interstitial fluid |
| Which of the following ratios of base bicarbonate to carbonic acid will maintain a normal pH? 3:1 5:1 10:1 20:1 | 20:1 |
| The regulation of acid-base balance in the body fluids refers to the control of _____ ion concentration. hydrogen bicarbonate potassium chloride | hydrogen |
| When adrenal cortex is stimulated to increase secretion of aldosterone, 1st thing occurs: decrease in the kidney tubule reabsorption of Na increase in the kidney tubule reabsorption of Na decrease in arterial blood pressure increase in urine volume | increase in the kidney tubule reabsorption of sodium. |
| Ketone bodies are associated with cellular metabolism of: fats. carbohydrates. proteins. vitamins. | fats |
| Which of the following body fluid compartments has the same volume (percentage of body weight) in the infant, the adult male, and the adult female? Plasma Interstitial fluid Extracellular fluid Intracellular fluid | plasma |
| The thirst center, which contains specialized cells called osmoreceptors, is located in the: pons. anterior pituitary. posterior pituitary. hypothalamus. | hypothalamus |
| Which of the following substances is released by the juxtaglomerular cells? Cortisol Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Renin | renin |
| Which of the following is not considered a “transcellular fluid”? Lymph Cerebrospinal fluid The humors of the eye Joint fluid | lymph |
| What is the name of the so-called ovulating hormone? Estrogen Progesterone Luteinizing hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone | luteinizing hormone |
| Fertilization of an ovum most often occurs in the: ovary. fallopian tube. uterus. vagina. | fallopian tube |
| What reproductive duct is divided into the head, body, and tail? Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct Epididymis Seminal vesicle | epididymis |
| A high blood concentration of estrogens: stimulates endometrial glands to secrete. stimulates epithelial cells of the endometrium to proliferate. stimulates FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary. causes development of the corpus luteum. | stimulates epithelial cells of the endometrium to proliferate. |
| Immune infertility sperm w/hyaluronidase/hydrolytic enzymes, destroy female egg egg & sperm join, antigen-antibody reactn occur kills sperm allergy 2 female egg = female infertility Antigen-antibody reaction in males destroy sperm results infertility | Antigen-antibody reaction in males causes destruction of sperm, resulting in infertility. |
| The major function of the reproductive system is propagation of the species. True False | true |
| Statements is not true about the mechanism controlling lactation? Anterior pituitary secretes prolactin Posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin Prolactin stimulates ejection of milk into ducts of the mammary glands All of the above statements are true | Prolactin stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the mammary glands. |
| Which of the following hormones causes ejection of milk into the mammary ducts, making it accessible for the infant? Progesterone Oxytocin Prolactin Estrogen | oxytocin |
| Functional sterility results when the sperm count per milliliter falls below _____ million. 10 25 100 150 | 25 |
| Which of the following functions is not usually associated with the uterus? Menstruation Fertilization Gestation All of the above functions are associated with the uterus. | fertilization |
| The ejection of bile from the gallbladder is controlled by which hormones? gastrin and CCK CCK and GIP CCK and secretin secretin and GIP | CCK and secretin |
| The chemical process in which a compound unites with water and then splits into simpler compounds is called dehydration synthesis. hydrolysis. emulsification. none of the above. | hydrolysis |
| What percentage of this blood flow comes from the hepatic portal system? 20% 50% 80% 95% | 80% |
| Fats and other nutrients in the duodenum stimulate the intestinal mucosa to release a hormone called aldosterone. gastrin. gastric inhibitory peptide. lecithin. | gastric inhibitory peptide. |
| The final step in lipid transport by the intestines is the formation of micelles. chylomicrons. bile. sodium bicarbonate. | chylomicrons. |
| The process of deglutition includes all of the following except the _____ stage. oral pharyngeal esophageal laryngeal | laryngeal |
| Chemical digestion requires the secretion of _____ into the lumen of the GI tract. digestive enzymes bile chyme digestive enzymes and bile | digestive enzymes and bile |
| Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid, which is produced by the _____ of the gastric glands. parietal cells chief cells tuft cells rugae | parietal cells |
| Peristalsis is regulated in part by the intrinsic stretch reflexes. It is also thought to be stimulated by the hormone gastrin. secretin. glucagon. cholecystokinin (CCK) | CCK |
| _____ is the passage of substances through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph. Secretion Absorption Elimination Ingestion | Absorption |
| The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is: enterogastrone. insulin. gastrin. cholecystokinin. | CCK |
| The substances absorbed into the lymph capillaries are: glycerol and fatty acids. glucose and glycerol. amino acids and fatty acids. glucose and amino acids. | glycerol and fatty acids. |
| The _____ represents the largest volume of air an individual can move in and out of the lungs. tidal volume inspiratory capacity total lung capacity vital capacity | vital capacity |
| The exact amount of oxygen in blood depends mainly on the amount of platelets. white blood cells. hemoglobin. protein. | hemoglobin |
| The ability of the lungs and thorax to stretch is referred to as pressure equilibrium. compliance. elastic recoil. partial pressure. | compliance |
| Hyperpnea means a(n) decrease in breathing. increase in breathing. temporary cessation of breathing at the end of a normal expiration. repeated sequence of deep gasps. | increase in breathing |
| The volume of air exhaled normally after a typical inspiration is called _____ volume. inspiratory reserve expiratory reserve tidal residual | tidal |
| An increase in carbon dioxide in the blood causes a drop in pH in the blood. an increase in pH in the blood. no change in pH. an increase in partial pressure. | a drop in pH in the blood |
| In what form does oxygen travel in the blood? dissolved oxygen in the plasma associated with hemoglobin associated with bicarbonate ions both a and b | both a and b |
| What variations exist in the body to temporarily store or carry oxygen? neuroglobin myoglobin fetal hemoglobin all of the above | all of the above |
| The basic rhythm of the respiratory cycle of inspiration and expiration seems to be generated by the medullary rhythmicity area. apneustic center. pneumotaxic center. pons. | medullary rhythmicity area. |
| The compound formed when carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin is carbamino compound. oxyhemoglobin. carbaminohemoglobin. bicarbonate ion. | carbaminohemoglobin. |
| A right shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve due to increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide is also known as the Bohr effect. the Haldane effect. Dalton’s law. Charles’ law. | bohr effect |
| Which term refers to the volume of inspired air that actually reaches, or “ventilates,” the alveoli? residual ventilation physiological dead space pulmonary ventilation alveolar ventilation | alveolar ventilation |
| Which oxygen-binding protein helps move oxygen out of the blood and into muscle cells? fetal hemoglobin myofibril myoglobin carbaminohemoglobin | myoglobin |
| When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, some of the carbon dioxide molecules associate with water to form bicarbonate ions. hydroxyl ions. amino acid. carbonic acid. | carbonic acid |
| An obstructive lung disorder that is characterized by recurring spasms of the smooth muscles in the wall of the bronchial air passages is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. asthma. emphysema. dyspnea. | asthma |
| More than two-thirds of the carbon dioxide carried by blood is carried in the form of bicarbonate ions. dissolved plasma proteins. carbonic acid. carbamino compounds. | bicarbonate ions |
| _____ law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. Dalton’s Henry’s Boyle’s Charles’s | boyles |
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