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PATHO CNS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ROT: most common; infectious agents ordinarily gain access through the arterial circulation | Hematogenous spread |
| inflammatory process of the leptomeninges & CSF w/in the Subarachnoid space | Meningitis |
| inflammation of the meninges and brain parenchyma | Meningoencephalitis |
| ROT: often traumatic | Direct implantation |
| ROT: from infected adjacent structures | Local extension |
| WHAT POPULATION GROUP: E.coli, Group B streptococci | Neonates |
| WHAT POPULATION GROUP: Neisseria meningitidis | Adolescents and Young adults |
| WHAT POPULATION GROUP: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes | Elderly |
| WHAT POPULATION GROUP: Klebsiella or anaerobic organism | Immunosuppressed individuals |
| meningitis-associated septicemia & hemorrhagic infarction of the adrenal glands, occurs often w/ meningococcal & pneumococcal meningitis | Waterhouse-Frederichsen syndrome |
| INCREASED neutruphils, CSF pressure and protein concentration DECREASED glucose | Meningitis |
| Generally of viral etiology, may be bacterial, rickettsial, or autoimmune in origin Lymphocytic pleocytosis, moderate protein elevation, nearly normal glucose | Acute Aseptic (Viral) Meningitis |
| sterile CSF, pleocytosis w/ neutrophils, inc. protein, normal sugar | Chemical meningitis |
| localized focus of necrosis of brain tissue w/ accompanying inflammation; arise by direct implantation of organisms, local extension from adjacent foci, or hematogenous spread | Brain Abscess |
| most common organisms identified in acute focal suppurative infections | Streptococcus & Staphylococcus- |
| Diffuse meningoencephalitis Exudate involves the base of the brain, effacing the cisterns and encasing cranial nerves | Tuberculosis |
| well-circumscribed intraparenchymal masses that may cause significant mass effect | Tuberculomas- |
| headache, malaise, mental confusion, and vomiting CSF: Pleocytosis, elevated protein, reduced or normal glucose | Tuberculomas |
| Most serious complication of tuberculomas | Arachnoid fibrosis |
| Tertiary stage of syphilis Meningovascular ____, paretic ___, and tabes dorsalis | Neurosyphilis |
| Chronic meningitis involving the base of the brain and more variably the cerebral convexities and spinal leptomeninges | Meningovascular neurosyphilis |
| plasma cell-rich mass lesions in Meningovascular neurosyphilis | Cerebral gummas |
| Progressive cognitive impairment Parenchymal damage of the cerebral cortex (frontal lobe) Loss of neurons, proliferation of microglia, gliosis, and iron deposits | Paretic neurosyphilis |
| Locomotor ataxia, Charcot joints, Lightning pains Absence of deep tendon reflexes Loss of both axons and myelin in the dorsal roots | Tabes dorsalis |
| most commonly in children and young adults alterations in mood, memory, and behavior necrotizing and often hemorrhagic | Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 |
| Adults= meningitis Neonates= encephalitis Active HIV infection= acute hemorrhagic and necrotizing encephalitis | Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 |
| Primary infection= chickenpox Reactivation of infection= shingles or herpes zoster | Varicella-Zoster Virus |
| Prominent enlarged cells with intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions Fetuses= severe brain destruction, microcephaly and periventricular calcification Immunosuppressed individual = subacute encephalitis | Cytomegalovirus |
| Meningeal irritation and a CSF picture of aseptic meningitis Flaccid paralysis with muscle wasting and hyporeflexia—the permanent neurologic residue | Poliomyelitis |
| Severe encephalitis transmitted to humans by the bite of a rabid animal Diagnostic= malaise, headache, and fever + local paresthesias around the wound | Rabies |
| chronic noncommunicable disorder of the brain that affects people of all ages seizures, episodes of involuntary movement (partial or generalized part of body), and accompanied by loss of consciousness and control of bowel or bladder function. | Epilepsy |
| associated with permanent brain damage ( due to hypoperfusion, hypoxia, acidosis and other metabolic disturbance) | status epilepticus |
| Consciousness is fully preserved Motor disturbance may involve any body part Tingling , numbness, electrical shock like feelings Flashing light and colors, Simple hallucinations Changes in skin color, BP , Heart rate, Pupil size, Piloerection | Simple Partial Seizures |
| Always involved impairment of consciousness. Majority originate in Temporal lobe (60%); also originate in another lobe – Frontal (30%) May start as simple partial seizures then progress. DURATION: <3 minutes | Complex Partial Seizures (Psychomotor Seizures/Temporal lobe Epilepsy) |
| WHAT PHASE OF GRAND MAL SEIZURE? stiff, crying out, tongue bite, apnea, cyanosis, increase heart rate and blood pressure, fall, labored breathing, salivation | Tonic phase |
| WHAT PHASE OF GRAND MAL SEIZURE? intermittent clonic movements of muscles, followed by brief relaxations, involved four limbs Incontinence at the end of clonic phase | Clonic phase |
| 4-12 yrs Sudden loss of consciousness and cease all motor activities, blank and stares, fluttering of the eyelids, swallowing, flopping of the head Attacks: <10 sec and often pass unrecognized. 100-200/day | Typical Absence Seizures (Petit mal) |
| Neurodegenerative disease marked by a hypokinetic movement disorder caused by loss of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra | Parkinson Disease (PD) |
| progressive truncal rigidity, disequilibrium with frequent falls, and difficulty with voluntary eye movements nuchal dystonia, pseudobulbar palsy, and a mild progressive dementia | Progressive Supranuclear Palsy |
| Loss of upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex and lower motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem Denervation of muscles, producing weakness | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) |
| Immunocompromised individuals Hematogenous dissemination Candida albicans, Mucor species, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Cryptococcus neoformans Chronic meningitis, vasculitis, and parenchymal invasion | Fungal Meningoencephalitis |
Created by:
nixieee