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Mendel & Meiosis

TermDefinition
Genetics The study of heredity.
Trait A physical presentation of a gene.
gene A segment of DNA that provides the code for specific protein.
allele A form of a gene.
gamete A sex cell. In humans; sperm and egg.
Punnett square A tool used to predict genetic probabilities.
homozygous Having two of the same alleles for a trait.
heterozygous Having two different alleles for a trait.
phenotype A description of the physical trait.
genotype The combination of alleles that an organism has for a trait.
dominant An allele that masks another allele.
recessive An allele that can be masked by a dominant allele. Recessive traits are only visible when two recessive alleles are present.
incomplete dominance A genotype where neither allele if fully visible, resulting in a blended effect. Example: Red + White = Pink
codominance A genotype where both alleles are fully expressed resulting in speckles or splotches of the phenotype. Example: Red + White = Red and White Spots
multiple alleles A gene that has more than two forms, resulting in a variety of possible phenotypes. Example: ABO Blood Type in Humans
polygenic traits Traits that are controlled by multiple genes. Examples: Many human traits such as eye color, hair color, and height.
Meiosis Cell division that creates gametes, it reduces the genetic material by half in an organized fashion, resulting in unique genetic combinations, but maintaining the full complement of genes.
homologous A pair of chromosomes that have the same genes, but possibly not the same alleles. One has been inherited from mom and one from dad.
Diploid Having two copies of each gene or chromosome; represented by 2N. Diploid cells include all body cells. In humans the diploid number is 46.
Haploid Having one copy of each gene or chromosome; represented by N. Haploid cells include only gametes, also called germ cells, or sperm and egg cells. The haploid number in human is 23.
Tetrad A structure that forms when two chromosomes of a homologous pair line up, possibly crossing over and exchanging genes.
Crossing Over Occurs during Prophase I of meiosis, parts of chromosomes become tangled and trade genetic material, increasing genetic variety.
Sex Chromosome One of two of the 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans. Sex chromosomes can be X or Y. Inheriting two X's is the genotype for female, and inheriting 1 X and 1 Y is the genotype for male.
pedigree A diagram showing the passing of traits through multiple generations of a family.
Nondisjunction Occurs when chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, resulting with gametes that have one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Autosome Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. In humans, these are numbered 1-22.
P Generation Parental generation
F1 Generation First generation offspring.
F2 Generation 2nd generation offspring
independent assortment Occurs during Metaphase I of meiosis, the homologous pairs line up in a random pattern. This creates genetically diverse offspring.
Lethal allele An allele that causes death if inherited.
Linkage Occurs when two genes are found on the same chromosome. Typically these are inherited together (unless crossing over occurs), and they are called linked genes.
Sex-linked trait A trait whose gene is found on the X or Y chromosome. These exhibit different inheritance patterns because recessive alleles cannot be masked in males.
 



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