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Stack #4592906
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 15th Amendment, Prohibits the denial of voting rights based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude | |
| 17th Amendment, Established the direct election of U.S. senators by voters | |
| 19th Amendment, Granted women the right to vote | |
| 24th Amendment, Prohibited poll taxes in federal elections | |
| 26th Amendment, Lowered the voting age to 18 | |
| Rational choice voting, Voting based on which candidate or party will maximize personal benefits | |
| Retrospective voting, Voting based on an evaluation of an incumbent’s past performance | |
| Prospective voting, Voting based on expectations of a candidate’s future performance | |
| Party-line voting, Voting for candidates of the same political party across offices | |
| Political efficacy, The belief that one’s participation in politics makes a difference | |
| Linkage institutions, Structures that connect citizens to the government such as parties, elections, media, and interest groups | |
| Party platforms, Official statements of a political party’s beliefs and policy positions | |
| Direct primaries, Elections in which voters directly choose party nominees | |
| Critical elections, Elections that result in a significant and lasting political realignment | |
| Realignments, Major shifts in party coalitions and voter loyalties | |
| Winner-take-all system, An electoral system in which the candidate with the most votes wins the entire office or district | |
| Proportional system, An electoral system in which seats are allocated based on the percentage of votes received | |
| Iron triangle, A relationship among congressional committees, bureaucratic agencies, and interest groups that mutually benefit one another | |
| Free Rider problem, A situation where individuals benefit from a public good without contributing to it | |
| Single-Issue Groups, Interest groups that focus on one specific policy area | |
| Incumbency Advantage, The benefits current officeholders have when running for reelection | |
| Open primaries, Primary elections in which voters can participate regardless of party affiliation | |
| Closed primaries, Primary elections limited to registered party members | |
| Caucuses, Meetings where party members select candidates through discussion and voting | |
| Electoral College, The system used to elect the president through electors chosen by the states | |
| National Popular Vote, The total number of votes cast nationwide for a presidential candidate | |
| Midterm Elections, Congressional elections held midway through a presidential term | |
| Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002, A law that restricted soft money and political advertising by interest groups | |
| Soft Money, Political contributions not directly regulated by federal election laws | |
| Political Action Committee (PAC), An organization that raises and distributes campaign funds to candidates | |
| Super-PACs, Independent political committees that can raise unlimited funds but cannot coordinate with candidates | |
| Horse-race Journalism, Media coverage that focuses on who is winning rather than policy issues | |
| Gatekeeper (media), The role of the media in deciding which information reaches the public | |
| Political Socialization, The process by which individuals acquire political beliefs and values | |
| Political Culture, Shared beliefs and values about government and politics within a society | |
| Random Sample, A sample in which every individual has an equal chance of being selected | |
| Representative Sample, A sample that accurately reflects the demographics of the population | |
| Tracking polls, Polls conducted repeatedly over time to track changes in opinion | |
| Exit polls, Surveys of voters conducted immediately after they vote | |
| Sampling errors, Differences between poll results and actual public opinion due to chance | |
| Conservative ideology, A belief system favoring limited government, traditional values, and free markets | |
| Liberal ideology, A belief system supporting government intervention to promote equality and social welfare | |
| Libertarian ideology, A belief system emphasizing individual liberty and minimal government involvement | |
| Keynesian economic policy, Government spending and intervention to stimulate the economy during downturns | |
| Supply-side economic policy, Economic policy focused on tax cuts and deregulation to encourage production | |
| Civil Liberties, Individual freedoms protected from government interference | |
| Civil Rights, Protections against discrimination and unequal treatment | |
| Bill of Rights, The first ten amendments to the Constitution that protect individual freedoms | |
| Establishment Clause, Prohibits the government from establishing or favoring a religion | |
| Free Exercise Clause, Protects the right to practice one’s religion freely | |
| Symbolic Speech, Nonverbal expression protected under the First Amendment | |
| Clear and Present Danger, A standard used to determine when speech can be limited | |
| Prior Restraint, Government censorship of speech before it occurs | |
| Selective Incorporation, The process by which the Bill of Rights is applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment | |
| Due Process Clause of 14th Amendment, Guarantees fair legal procedures and protections | |
| Miranda Rule, Requires police to inform suspects of their rights before interrogation | |
| Public Safety Exception, Allows police to question suspects without Miranda warnings in emergency situations | |
| Exclusionary Rule, Prevents illegally obtained evidence from being used in court | |
| Equal Protection Clause of 14th Amendment, Requires states to treat individuals equally under the law | |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964, Prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin | |
| Title IX, Prohibits sex discrimination in federally funded education programs | |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965, Eliminated barriers preventing minorities from voting | |
| Affirmative Action, Policies designed to address past discrimination by increasing opportunities for underrepresented groups | |
| Engel v Vitale, Supreme Court case that banned school-sponsored prayer | |
| Wisconsin v Yoder, Supreme Court case allowing religious exemptions to compulsory education laws | |
| Tinker v Des Moines, Supreme Court case protecting student symbolic speech in schools | |
| Schenck v United States, Supreme Court case establishing the clear and present danger test | |
| New York Times Co v United States, Supreme Court case limiting prior restraint of the press | |
| McDonald v Chicago, Supreme Court case applying Second Amendment rights to the states | |
| Gideon v Wainwright, Supreme Court case guaranteeing the right to an attorney | |
| Brown v Board of Education, Supreme Court case that ended racial segregation in public schools | |
| Roe v Wade, Supreme Court case recognizing a constitutional right to abortionCertainly! I can add a large space (two blank lines) between each term and its definition for maximum readability, maintaining the comma-separated format you established. | |
| Limited Government, A principle of constitutional government where the government's power is restricted by law, usually in a written constitution, to protect individual rights | |
| Natural Rights, Rights inherent in human beings, not dependent on governments, which include life, liberty, and property (as articulated by John Locke) | |
| Popular Sovereignty, The principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives, who are the source of all political power | |
| Republicanism, A form of government in which power resides in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives | |
| Social Contract, The voluntary agreement among individuals by which, according to various theories, a society or government is established and maintained | |
| Participatory Democracy, A model of democracy in which citizens have the power to make policy decisions, often through direct participation | |
| Pluralist Democracy, A model of democracy in which groups compete with one another for control over policy, with no single group dominating | |
| Elite Democracy, A model of democracy in which a small number of well-educated, wealthy people, or those in power, influence political decision-making | |
| Faction, A small, organized, dissenting group within a larger one, especially in politics (as described by James Madison in Federalist No. 10) | |
| Federalists, Supporters of the Constitution during the debates over its ratification; favored a strong national government | |
| Anti-Federalists, Opponents of the Constitution during the debates over its ratification; opposed a strong national government and favored states' rights | |
| Checks and Balances, A system that allows each branch of government (executive, legislative, and judicial) to limit the powers of the other branches to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful | |
| Separation of Powers, The division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another | |
| Articles of Confederation, The first government established by the thirteen original states, characterized by a weak central government and strong state governments (1781-1789) | |
| Shays' Rebellion, An armed uprising in Massachusetts (1786–1787) led by Daniel Shays, which exposed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and spurred the movement for a new Constitution | |
| Great Compromise, An agreement reached during the Constitutional Convention that established a bicameral legislature, with the House of Representatives apportioned by population and the Senate granted equal representation for each state | |
| Three-Fifths Compromise, An agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention where three-fifths of the enslaved population would be counted for purposes of taxation and representation | |
| Federalism, A system of government in which power is divided between a national government and state governments | |
| Concurrent powers, Powers shared by both the federal government and state governments (e.g., the power to tax) | |
| Mandates, Rules or requirements set by the federal government that states must meet | |
| Categorical grants, Federal grants given to state and local governments for specific purposes, often with strict guidelines on how the money is to be spent | |
| Block grants, Federal grants given to state and local governments for broad programs, allowing states more flexibility in deciding how to spend the funds | |
| 10th Amendment, The constitutional amendment stating that the powers not delegated to the federal government nor prohibited to the states by the Constitution are reserved to the states or the people | |
| Commerce Clause, The clause in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution that gives Congress the power to regulate trade among the states and with foreign nations | |
| Necessary and Proper Clause, Also known as the Elastic Clause (Article I, Section 8), which grants Congress the power to pass all laws "necessary and proper" for carrying out the enumerated list of powers | |
| Enumerated Powers, Specific powers explicitly granted to Congress in Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution (e.g., coining money, regulating commerce) | |
| Implied Powers, Political powers granted to the U.S. government that are not explicitly stated in the Constitution but are inferred from the Enumerated Powers and the Necessary and Proper Clause | |
| House Chamber size, The U.S. House of Representatives is currently fixed at 435 voting members, apportioned among the states based on population | |
| Senate Chamber size, The U.S. Senate consists of 100 members, with two Senators from each of the 50 states | |
| House term length, Members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms | |
| Senate term length, Members of the Senate serve six-year terms | |
| Standing Committees, Permanent legislative committees established by the House and Senate rules that consider and are responsible for legislation within a specific subject area | |
| Speaker of the House, The presiding officer and political leader of the House of Representatives, typically a member of the majority party | |
| President of the Senate, A largely ceremonial role held by the Vice President of the United States, who can cast a tie-breaking vote | |
| Filibuster, A tactic used in the Senate to halt action on a bill by senators or a group of senators continuously talking or offering endless motions | |
| Cloture, A rule used by the Senate to end or limit debate (stop a filibuster), requiring a vote of sixty senators | |
| Holds, An informal practice in the Senate where a senator informs the floor leader that he or she does not wish a particular bill or other measure to reach the floor for consideration | |
| Unanimous Consent, A Senate request that sets terms for the consideration of a specified measure; if no Senator objects, the Senate passes the motion | |
| House Rules Committee, A powerful committee in the House of Representatives that reviews most bills coming from a standing committee before they go to the full House, determining the terms of debate and amendments | |
| Committee of the Whole, A parliamentary procedure used by the House of Representatives to expedite consideration of bills; all members of the House are part of this committee, but it operates under special rules | |
| Discharge petition, A petition signed by a majority of House members (218) to bring a bill from committee to the floor for consideration without a committee report | |
| Pork Barrel, Legislation that funds special projects for a representative's or senator's district or state, often criticized as wasteful spending intended to win votes | |
| Logrolling, An agreement between two or more members of Congress to support each other's bills in exchange for their reciprocal support | |
| Party polarization, The increasing ideological divergence between the two major political parties, where members of Congress are more likely to vote strictly along party lines | |
| Redistricting, The process of drawing electoral district boundaries, usually in response to population changes determined by the census | |
| Gerrymandering, The practice of drawing electoral district boundaries to give one political party an unfair advantage over its rivals | |
| Trustee, A model of representation where a member of Congress votes based on his or her own judgment and conscience, regardless of what their constituents may prefer | |
| Delegate, A model of representation where a member of Congress votes based on the expressed wishes of his or her constituents | |
| Politico, A model of representation where a member of Congress acts as either a trustee or a delegate, depending on the issue | |
| Federal Budget, The annual plan for government revenues and expenditures, outlining how much money the government expects to take in and how it plans to spend it | |
| Discretionary spending, Spending category in the federal budget that Congress can adjust each year (e.g., defense, education, environmental protection) | |
| Mandatory spending, Spending category in the federal budget required by law, such as entitlement programs like Social Security and Medicare, which can only be changed by new legislation | |
| Entitlements, Government programs that provide benefits to individuals who meet certain eligibility criteria (e.g., Social Security, Medicare) | |
| Budget Deficits, Occurs when government expenditures exceed revenues in a fiscal year | |
| Veto, The power of the President to reject a bill passed by Congress, thereby preventing it from becoming law | |
| Pocket Veto, An indirect veto of a bill by the President by leaving the bill unsigned until the end of a legislative session | |
| Commander-in-Chief, The role of the President as the supreme commander of the military forces of the United States | |
| Executive Agreement, An international agreement made by the executive branch of the U.S. government without ratification by the Senate | |
| Executive Order, A rule or order issued by the President that has the force of law and directs the executive branch in carrying out policies | |
| Signing statement, A written pronouncement issued by the President upon signing a bill into law, often providing the President's interpretation of the law | |
| State of the Union, An annual address delivered by the President to a joint session of Congress, outlining the nation's condition and the administration's legislative agenda | |
| Bully Pulpit, The President's use of their prestige and visibility to guide or mobilize American public opinion | |
| Civil Service System, A system of hiring and promotion based on merit and desire to create a nonpartisan government service, replacing the former spoils system | |
| Merit System, The process of promoting and hiring government employees based on their ability to perform a job, rather than on their political connections or party loyalty | |
| Bureaucratic Discretion, The ability of bureaucrats to make choices concerning the best way to implement congressional or presidential intentions | |
| Bureaucratic Rule-Making, The process through which the federal bureaucracy writes rules and regulations that have the force of law, allowing agencies to implement Congress's statutes | |
| Iron Triangle, A long-lasting, mutually beneficial relationship between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group to formulate and implement policy in a particular area | |
| Issue Network, A more complex, temporary alliance of various people and interest groups (including public officials, lobbyists, and experts) united by a common interest in a policy area | |
| Congressional Oversight, The review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation by Congress | |
| Judicial Review, The power of the Supreme Court to determine if a law or executive action is constitutional, established in Marbury v. Madison (1803) | |
| Precedent, A ruling or decision in a past legal case that serves as an authoritative rule or justification for a similar case later | |
| Stare Decisis, A Latin phrase meaning "let the decision stand," which is the principle that courts should follow prior judicial precedents | |
| Judicial Activism, A philosophy where judges use their power to broadly interpret the Constitution or reverse previous court decisions to promote a desired social or political outcome | |
| Judicial Restraint, A philosophy where judges should limit the exercise of their own power and defer to the policy decisions of the elected legislative and executive branches |
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