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APHUG Unit 3 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cultural relativism vs ethnocentrism | cultural relativism is examining another culture from their traditions, values, and standpoints ethnocentrism is judging and analyzing another culture based on your own cultural values and beliefs |
| centripetal vs centrifugal forces | centripetal forces bring together centrifugal forces separate |
| sequent occupance | succesive cultural groups leave their imprints and layers on a place's cultural landscape over time |
| traditional architecture | older building styles using local materials, techniques, and designs shaped by environment, culture, and function |
| ethnicity vs race vs nationality | ethnicity is about shared cultural traits and traditions from a homeland race is a social construct about perceived biological traits, such as skin color, etc nationality is the legal attachment to a state |
| ethnic neighborhoods | a section of a city where a high concentration of people from the same ethnic background live, creating a distinct cultural landscape Chinatown, little Italy, koreatown |
| ethnic enclaves | a distinct neighborhood or area within a city where a high concentration of a specific ethnic group lives chinatown |
| toponym | a name given to a specific place |
| colonialism and neocolonialism | colonialism is the direct political control, settlement, and resource extraction by a colonizer over a territory, type of imperialism indirect control through economic policies, cultural influence, and multinational corporations to maintain dependency |
| imperialism | The policy of extending a nation's power and influence through diplomacy or military force, often to gain economic or political dominance |
| creolization | the hybridization of two diverse cultures forming distinct new cultures that are a blend of both, typically through the form of language often a result of colonialism |
| lingua franca | language of international communication like English |
| pidgin language | extremely simplified form of a non native lingua franca learned by a group, spoken in addition to a native language by two people who speak two diff langs |
| creole language | pidgin language that develops into a new combined language with native speakers, often a result of colonialization and slavery |
| official language | the language designated by a country's government for official business to create cohesion, not all speak it |
| globalization | increasing cultural and economic connectedness |
| cultural convergence vs cultural divergence | cultural convergence is when different cultures acquire commonalities cultural divergence is when different cultures exposed to differences grow dissimilar |
| universalizing religions | appeals to everyone everywhere individual founder holidays based on events in founder life message and followers diffused widely christianity, buddhism, islam, sikhism |
| ethnic religions | unknown source place has meaning followers highly clustered holidays based on local area hinduism, judaism |
| christianity | worship in churches, founded by Jesus Christ, Jerusalem is important, universalizing religion, missionaries to spread the religion, many branches, originated in Jerusalem or present day Israel |
| buddhism | worship in pagodas, founded by Siddhartha Gautama, has the four noble truths, does not have a god, unknown origins but likely in India, universalizing religions, different types of buddhism, prominent in east Asia today |
| islam | arose from teachings of a historical founder, believe in Allah, five pillars of faith, originated in Mecca, worship in mosques, universalizing religion |
| sikhism | universalizing religion |
| hinduism | ethnic religion, pray in home shrines, mainly in India |
| judaism | ethnic religion, important location and hearth is Jerusalem, founder not one person, pray in synagogues, spread through relocation diffusion |
| acculturation vs assimilation vs syncretism | acculturation is when minority culture adopts traits and keeps its own assimilation is when minority culture fully blends in and loses most of its original identity syncretism is when a new, blended culture from distinct cultures is formed |
| multiculturalism: salad bowl vs melting pot | view the society is enriched by preserving cultural identity salad bowl is a hetergeneous society where unique identities remain and sometimes result in conflict and racism, melting pot is when immigrants expected to assimilate into predominant society |
| language family | highest in hierarchy A large group of languages with a common ancestor from long before recorded history |
| language branch | second in hierarchy A subgroup within a family, sharing a more recent common ancestor and linguistic features |
| language group | third in hierarchy A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past, with few differences |
| language dialect | a regional or social variation of a language, differing in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar, reflecting unique cultural identities and histories |
| sovereignty | a state's supreme authority to govern itself, make its own laws, and control its territory without outside interference |
| sense of place | unique experiences, feelings, and atmosphere people associate with a specific location |
| cosmogony | theory for the origin of the universe |
| isogloss | a geographic boundary line on a map that separates different regional speech patterns |
| artifact vs sociofact vs mentifact | artifact is a material cultural trait sociofact is social expression mentifact is value |
| institutional vs developing vs vigorous vs dying languages | official lang with literary tradition and grammar lang with literary tradition but not widely distributed no literary tradition and low number of speakers |
| logogram | symbol representing a word, Chinese, hieroglyphs |
| isolated language | lang unrelated to any other and not attached to a lang family |
| extinct language | language once used by people in daily life but no longer in use |
| atheism vs agnosticism | lack of belief in god existence of god is unknowable |
| spatial distribution of religions | Christianity started in Jerusalem and spread to Europe and America Buddhism started in India and spread to SE and E Asia Islam started in Mecca and spread to the middle East Hinduism started/stayed in India Judaism started/stayed in present day Israel |
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