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Microbio
Combined exam notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three components that make up lipopolysaccharide (LPS)? Which are conserved (similar) and which are unique among species? | 1) Lipid A is associated with Endotoxicity and conserved 2) Polysaccharide chain that is conserved 3) O antigen that varies among species, chain is usually longer in pathogens |
| Where is LPS found and in which type of cells? | Found in gram negative cells in the outer membrane |
| Name two characteristics that are shared amongst bacteria and archa | Both contain 70 s ribosomes and dsDNA |
| List the 5 steps of general viral replication in order | 1) Attach 2) Enter 3) Replicate 4) Assemble 5) Release |
| Name 4 Characteristics found both in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes | Plasma membrane, cell walls, ribosomes and DNA chromosomes |
| Name 3 components only found in Eukaryotes | Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts and nucleus |
| Name two advantages microbes have while living in a biofilm | Horizontal gene transfer and protection from harmful things like pH, temperature and UV lights. |
| What is the central dogma of Biology? | Replication> DNA>Transcription>RNA>Translation>Protein |
| Explain how Prions replicate | Prions take a normal protein with the same amino acid sequence and some event happens that changes the conformation, this relates to secondary structure (alpha helices and beta sheets) |
| Name two microbiologists and one contribution they each had to the field of microbiology | Koch- proved that microbes can cause disease Pasteur- proved that microbes don't come from spontaneous generation |
| List four strategies that bacteria have in response to stressful conditions in natural environments. | Growth Arrest, endospore formation, persister cells and using their own cell as an energy source |
| Name three different prokaryotic species | Salmonella typhi Bacillus anthracis Shigella flexneri |
| What is the name for round bacteria ? | Coccus |
| What is the name for rod shaped bacteria? | Bacillus |
| Define Peptidoglycan | Found in both gram negative and gram positive bacteria, a very rigid mesh like layer made up of a chain of two alternating sugar molecules NAG and NAM |
| What is the Fluid Mosaic model of the cell? | all lipids and proteins are fluid and free to move around the cell |
| Name a few major differences between Gram+ and Gram- cells | Gram positives- stain purple, contain a thick layer of peptidoglycan, contain teichoic and lipoteichoic acid Gram negatives- stain pink, more complex, contain a thin layer of peptidoglycan, contains LPS |
| What are pili and fimbraie? | hair like appendages used to attach to surfaces |
| What is Flagella? | the direction of spin results in different movements , used for cell motility |
| FTsz and MreB are in prokaryotes but are similar to which eukaryotic components? | FTsz- like tubulin, involved in cell division MreB-like actin and responsible for rod shape of Bacilli |
| Endospores are? | Resistant structures produced by gram positive cells in response to stressful conditions |
| What are the key differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes | Chromosome organization Cell wall type Organelle presence Ribosome type |
| Name two components of a Virus | Capsid-outer covering made of protein Nucleocapsid- the combination of the capsid and chromosome |
| Name the two type of Bacteriophages and how they infect prokaryotic cells | Virulent phages-using the lytic cell they replicate immediately and leave through lysis Temperate phages-may or may not replicate immediately can use either the lytic cycle or the lysogenic cycle |
| What is Binary fission? | Daughter cells are genetic clones of the parents |
| Cytokenesis is? | when a septum forms the cytoplasm divides resulting in two daughter cells |
| Name and briefly describe the 4 phases of a bacterial growth curve | 1) Lag phase-metabolically active 2) Log phase- growing and dividing 3) Stationary phase- cell division slows down, waste accumulates 4)Death phase- cell death exceeds the rate of division |
| What is a Biofilm? | Complex communities of microbes living in a matrix secreted by the cells living in a biofilm |
| What are the two different spectrums of antibiotics? | Broad spectrum- targets large groups of bacteria Narrow spectrum-targets more specific groups |
| What's the difference between Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic? | Bactericidal-kills bacteria Bacteriostatic-inhibits replication |
| What is a R plasmids role in spreading antibiotic resistance? | Resistance plasmids (r plasmids) carry many type of antibiotic resistant genes, which can be transmitted through horizontal gene transfer |
| What is catabolism? | the breakdown of compounds that release energy |
| What is anabolism? | the building of compounds that make up cellular components, this requires energy |
| What is the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs? | heterotrophs have to eat to obtain energy autotrophs absorb energy |
| What does selectively toxic mean in relation to antimicrobial agents? | Selectively toxic means toxic enough to harm the bacteria but not the host |
| What is the specific role of 02 in the production of ATP | O2 in aerobic respiration is the final e- acceptor |
| What are three mechanisms through which microbes develop resistance to antibiotics? | 1) Pump the antibiotic out 2) Alter the cell target 3) Break down the antibiotic |
| Where does DNA replication begin? | Site of origin |
| Where does transcription begin? | Promoter |
| What are three fuel sources required by all cells? | Carbon, Energy and Electrons |
| What are the three processes that make up cellular respiration? | 1) Glycolysis 2) Krebs Cycle and 3) Oxidative Phosphorylation |
| Which two pathways are used to produce ATP? | Respiration and Fermentation |
| Define Respiration | made up of the krebs cycle, ox phos and glycolysis this can be anerobic or aerobic, ends in producing ATP |
| Define Fermentation | much less ATP is produced, uses glycolysis allows for energy without oxygen |
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