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AP world exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Champa Rice | Fast-ripening rice from Vietnam that boosted Chinese population. |
| Pastoral | Societies based on herding animals across grasslands. |
| Caste | Hindu social hierarchy determining status and occupation. |
| Mandate of Heaven | Chinese belief that rulers gained authority from divine approval. |
| Flying Money | Paper credit system used in Tang/Song China. |
| Confucianism | Chinese philosophy focused on order, hierarchy, and filial piety. |
| Filial Piety | Respect for parents and elders in Confucian belief. |
| Seljuk Empire | Turkic Muslim empire influencing Middle East during 11th–12th centuries. |
| Sufism | Mystical form of Islam focused on spiritual closeness to God. |
| Feudalism | Medieval system where nobles controlled land worked by vassals/serfs. |
| Serf | Peasant tied to land under feudalism. |
| Buddhism | Religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama teaching suffering and enlightenment. |
| Manoralism | Economic system of the Middle Ages centered on the manor. |
| Great Zimbabwe | Powerful African trade kingdom known for stone architecture. |
| Syncretism | Blending of religions or cultural practices. |
| Mita System | Incan labor tax where people worked for the state. |
| Chinampas | Floating gardens used by the Aztecs for farming. |
| Three Field System | Medieval crop rotation increasing agricultural productivity. |
| Hajj | Pilgrimage to Mecca required of Muslims. |
| Quran | Holy book of Islam. |
| Al-Andalus | Muslim-ruled region of Spain known for cultural blending. |
| Dar al-Islam | Lands under Islamic rule or cultural influence. |
| Caliphate | Islamic state led by a caliph, successor to Muhammad. |
| Jizya | Tax on non-Muslims in Islamic empires. |
| Silk Roads | Trade routes connecting China to the Mediterranean. |
| Indian Ocean Trade | Maritime trade network across East Africa, Arabia, India, and Southeast Asia. |
| Trans-Saharan Trade | Trade network linking West Africa to North Africa across the Sahara. |
| Magnetic Compass | Chinese invention aiding navigation. |
| Junk Ship | Large Chinese ship used in long-distance trade. |
| Kashgar | Major Silk Road oasis city. |
| Paper Money | Currency first developed in China. |
| Caravanserai | Roadside inns for traders along Silk Roads. |
| Khan | Mongol ruler or leader. |
| Timbuktu | West African trade and learning center in Mali. |
| Monsoon Winds | Seasonal winds that guided Indian Ocean trade. |
| Diaspora | Scattering of people from their homeland. |
| Dhow Ships | Arab sailing vessels used in Indian Ocean trade. |
| Mansa Musa | Wealthy ruler of Mali known for his pilgrimage to Mecca. |
| Pax Mongolica | Era of Mongol peace and trade stability. |
| Golden Horde | Mongol khanate controlling Russia. |
| Yuan Dynasty | Mongol dynasty ruling China (1271–1368). |
| Bubonic Plague | Disease that caused the Black Death. |
| Gunpowder | Chinese invention spreading to use in weapons. |
| Ibn Battuta | Muslim traveler documenting Afro-Eurasia. |
| Marco Polo | Venetian merchant who traveled to China. |
| Zheng He | Chinese admiral leading voyages in Indian Ocean. |
| Manchus | People who founded the Qing Dynasty in China. |
| Mughal Empire | Muslim empire ruling India known for architecture. |
| Ottoman Empire | Major Islamic empire spanning Europe, Asia, Africa. |
| Safavids | Persian empire known for Shia Islam. |
| Songhai | West African empire controlling trans-Saharan trade. |
| Janissaries | Elite Ottoman soldiers recruited through devshirme. |
| Divine Right | Belief that monarchs rule by God’s authority. |
| Samurai | Warrior class of feudal Japan. |
| Absolute Monarchy | System where a king has total power. |
| Taj Mahal | Mughal mausoleum built by Shah Jahan. |
| Martin Luther | Leader of Protestant Reformation. |
| Inquisition | Catholic effort to root out heresy. |
| Thirty Years War | European conflict over religion and power (1618–1648). |
| Sikhism | Religion blending Hindu and Islamic ideas. |
| Shogunate | Military government led by a shogun in Japan. |
| Millet System | Ottoman system allowing religious communities self-rule. |
| Caravel | Small, fast Portuguese ship for exploration. |
| Carrack | Large ship used for long-distance ocean voyages. |
| Fluyt | Dutch ship designed for efficient trade. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Explorer whose expedition circled the globe. |
| Vasco DeGama | Portuguese explorer reaching India by sea. |
| Trading Post Empire | Empire based on controlling trade routes, not territory. |
| Columbian Exchange | Transfer of plants, animals, diseases after 1492. |
| Mercantilism | Economic policy focused on accumulating wealth through trade control. |
| The Great Dying | Mass death of Indigenous Americans due to disease. |
| Chattel Slavery | System treating enslaved people as property. |
| Indentured Servitude | Labor system with contracted work for passage. |
| Encomienda | Spanish labor system exploiting Indigenous workers. |
| Hacienda | Large estates in Spanish America. |
| Joint Stock Company | Business where investors share profits. |
| Vodun | Syncretic religion in Caribbean and West Africa. |
| Casta Paintings | Depictions of racial hierarchy in Spanish America. |
| Creole | People of European descent born in the Americas. |
| Peninsulares | Spaniards born in Spain living in the Americas. |
| Nat Turner’s Rebellion | 1831 slave revolt in Virginia. |
| Triangular Trade | Trade system connecting Europe, Africa, Americas. |
| British East India Company | Powerful British trading corporation. |
| Dutch East India Company | Wealthy Dutch trading company. |
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