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Psychology
Midterm Study Guide
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The scientific study of behavior and mental processes | Psychology |
| A statement that attempts to explain why things are the way they are and why they happen the way they do. | Theory |
| Any action that other people can observe or measure | Behavior |
| A basic truth or law | Principle |
| The concept of right or good conduct | Morality |
| Branch of psychology that deals with people and work | Industrial psychology |
| Branch of psychology that focuses on patients who are struggling with disabilities | Rehabilitation psychology |
| Branch of psychology that studies social systems that promote and foster individual well-being for members of a community. | Community psychology |
| Branch of psychology that focuses on behavior and mental processes under different cultural conditions. | Cross-cultural psychology |
| Branch of psychology that examines the relationships between behavior and physical health | Health psychology |
| A Psychologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the treatment of psychological problems and can prescribe medication for clients. | False, Psychiatrist |
| Geriatrics is the branch of medicine that focuses on the diseases and problems of the elderly. | True |
| A Developmental psychologist works within the criminal justice system. | False, Forensic Psychology |
| Most psychologists are interested mainly in Animal behavior. | False, Human |
| Cognitive activities are mental processes, such as dreams, perceptions, thoughts, and memories. | True |
| Some psychologists believe that ________________________, or looking within, is one way to learn about ourselves. | Introspection |
| _________________________ is the scientific study of observable behavior. | Behaviorism |
| Psychologists are interested in the ___________________, or basic truths, that govern behavior and mental processes. | Principle |
| Psychologists can use psychological ____________________ to learn about aspects of human behavior that cannot be measured. | Constructs |
| Psychology has roots in the _____________________ sciences, which attempt to explain the nature of the physical world through observation and experimentation. | Natural |
| For the findings of a scientific study to be confirmed, the study must be _______________________, or repeated. | Replicated |
| Elements of behavior that exist but cannot be measured directly, such as aggressiveness, are called _______________________. | Constructs |
| A ___________________ is an element of an experiment that can change. | variable |
| _______________________ are standards for proper and responsible behavior. | Ethics |
| A _______________________ correlation between two factors means that as one factor increases, the other decreases. | Negative |
| A relationship in which two factors rise together is known as a _______________________ correlation. | Positive |
| After forming a research question, a psychologist will form a theory, or educated guess. | False, Hypothesis |
| If a researcher’s research observations oppose his or her original theory, then he or she can conclude that the theory is correct. | False, Support |
| A Stratified Sample of a population is chosen by chance from the general population. | False, Random |
| The factor that researchers manipulate in an experiment is called the Dependant variable: | False, independent variable |
| Confidentiality and avoiding deception are part of the psychologist’s code of variables. | False, Code of Ethics not variables |
| An inherent ability | Aptitude |
| An in-depth investigation of an individual or group. | Case study |
| Repeated | Replicated |
| The act of establishing the soundness of an idea or theory | Validation |
| Aspects of behavior that cannot be seen or measured directly. | Constructs |
| A predisposition to a certain point of view despite what facts may suggest: | Bias |
| The group a researcher wants to study or describe : | Target population |
| A part of a target population: | Sample |
| Opinions formed in advance of adequate knowledge or experience: | Preconceptions |
| The _______________________ connects the two hemispheres of the brain. | Corpus callosum |
| The _______________________ system is made up of a series of glands located throughout the body. | Endocrine |
| _______________________ are substances that stimulate growth and many kinds of reactions, such as changes in activity levels and physical moods. | Hormones |
| The _______________________ issue is related to the roles of biology and environment in the development of personalities. | Nature-nurture |
| Human genes are found in _______________________, which are composed of DNA. | Chromosomes |
| Genetic disorders can be inherited, or they can be caused by the _______________________ of a gene. | Mutation |
| The ____________________ gland, sometimes called the “master gland,” secretes hormones that affect various aspects of behavior. | Pituitary |
| _______________________ is the primary male sex hormone. | Testosterone |
| The brain’s _______________________ areas shape information into meaningful information. | Association |
| The outer layer of the brain is known as the cerebral _______________________. | Cortex |
| The _______________________ transmits sensory information to the areas of the brain that interpret and respond to the information. | Thalamus |
| The midbrain includes the _______________________ activating system, which regulates alertness and arousal. | Reticular |
| The _______________________ gland produces a hormone that affects the body’s metabolism. | Thyroid |
| A person’s traits are determined by pairs of _______________________, one inherited from each parent. | Genes |
| To study the roles of heredity and environment in personality development, some psychologists study _______________________ because they share all of the same genes. | Identical twins |
| Sensory messages are transmitted by the Autonomic nervous system. | False, Somatic |
| The Dendrite produces energy that fuels a neuron’s activity. | False, Cell Body |
| The Somatic nervous system regulates vital functions like breathing. | False, Autonomic |
| Fraternal twins have exactly the same genetic makeup. | False, identical |
| The brain and spinal cord make up the Peripheral nervous system. | False, Central nervous system |
| “I am an area in the eye that lacks photoreceptors.” | Blindspot |
| “I am the part of the eye that acts like film in a camera.” | Retina |
| “I am the inability to distinguish colors from each other.” | Color blindness |
| “I am a region in the back of the brain that processes visual information.” | Occipital lobe |
| “I focus vision by changing thickness, based on the distance of an object being viewed.” | Lens |
| A thin layer of tissue that covers or lines an organ. | Membrane |
| The nerve that transmits neural impulses from the ear to the brain. | Auditory nerve |
| Deafness caused by damage to the inner ear, which damages or destroys neurons | Sensorineural |
| A bony tube in the ear that contains the fluids and neurons needed to transmit sounds to the brain. | Cochlea |
| Deafness caused by damage to the middle ear, which prevents the amplification of sounds. | Conductive |
| Visual cues that only need one eye to be perceived: | Monocular cues |
| The tendency to perceive a complete or whole figure even though gaps exist: | Closure |
| Visual cues that require both eyes to be perceived: | Binocular cues |
| The use of the rapid progression of still images or objects to produce the illusion of movement: | Stroboscopic motion |
| A binocular cue for perceiving depth, based on the difference between the two images of an object that the retina receives as the object moves closer: | Retinal Disparity |
| “I am the system that transmits messages from the central nervous system to the rest of the body.” → | Peripheral Nervous System |
| “I am the part of a neuron that transmits messages away from the cell body.” → | Axon |
| “I am the junction between two neurons.” → | Synapse |
| “I am the part of the central nervous system that runs down the back.” → | Spinal cord |
| “I am released by neurons to carry messages across synapses.” → | Neurotransmitter |
| A Psychologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the treatment of psychological problems and can prescribe medication for clients. | False, Psychiatrist |
| A Developmental psychologist works within the criminal justice system. | False, Forensic psychologist |
| Confidentiality and avoiding deception are part the psychologist's code of Variables. | Ethics |
| The most significant part of the inner ear is the Anvil. | False, Cochlea |
| The frequency of sound waves determines the sound's Loudness. | False, Pitch |
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