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SOC EXAM
EXAM
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social inequality | Unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and rewards in society. |
| Stratification | A structured system that ranks groups based on unequal access to resources. |
| Social class | A category of people who share a similar social and economic position. |
| Income | Money received from wages, salaries, or investments. |
| Wealth | Total value of all assets a person owns. |
| Power | Ability to influence or control others. |
| Prestige | Social respect or honor given to a person or status. |
| Esteem | Social value or regard given to an individual. |
| Bourgeoisie | Capitalist class that owns the means of production. |
| Proletariat | Working class who sell their labor. |
| Class consciousness | Awareness of one's shared class position and interests. |
| False consciousness | Lack of awareness of one's true class position. |
| Class system (Weber) | Ranking based on economic factors like wealth and income. |
| Status group (Weber) | Group ranked by social prestige or honor. |
| Conspicuous consumption | Displaying wealth through visible, expensive purchases. |
| Davis–Moore thesis | Inequality exists to motivate people to fill important roles. |
| Dominant ideology | Beliefs that justify and maintain social inequality. |
| Objective method | Measuring class using observable data like income and occupation. |
| Multiple measures | Using several indicators to determine social class. |
| Absolute poverty | Not having enough resources for basic survival. |
| Relative poverty | Poverty measured by comparison to others in society. |
| Feminization of poverty | Women making up a disproportionate share of the poor. |
| Explanations of poverty | (CHECK TEXTBOOK/CLASS NOTES) |
| Life chances | Opportunities for access to resources like education and health. |
| Theory of cumulative disadvantage | Early disadvantages compound and increase over time. |
| Relationship to physical health | Higher social class correlates with better health outcomes. |
| Open system | System that allows social mobility. |
| Closed system | System with little or no mobility. |
| Types of social mobility | (CHECK TEXTBOOK/CLASS NOTES) |
| Factors that affect mobility in US | (CHECK TEXTBOOK/CLASS NOTES) |
| Globalization (functionalist) | Globalization increases efficiency and benefits societies. |
| Globalization (conflict) | Globalization increases inequality and exploits poorer nations. |
| Social construction of race and ethnicity | Race and ethnicity are created and maintained by society. |
| Racial formation | Process through which racial categories are created and changed. |
| Racial group | Group defined by perceived physical differences. |
| Ethnic group | Group defined by shared cultural traits. |
| Fake resume research findings | White-sounding names get more callbacks than Black-sounding names. |
| Fake resume research implications | Racial bias influences hiring outcomes. |
| Race | A socially constructed category based on perceived physical traits. |
| Ethnicity | Shared cultural traits such as language or ancestry. |
| Symbolic ethnicity | Occasional, optional expressions of ethnic identity. |
| Functionalist perspective (race) | Race and ethnicity help maintain social order for the dominant group. |
| Exploitation theory | Prejudice and discrimination benefit the dominant group economically. |
| Racial profiling | Targeting individuals as suspicious based on race. |
| Contact hypothesis | Intergroup contact reduces prejudice under the right conditions. |
| Prejudice | Negative attitude toward a group. |
| Ethnocentrism | Belief that one's culture is superior. |
| Racism | Belief that one race is inherently superior. |
| Color-blind racism | Ignoring race while inequality continues. |
| Discrimination | Unequal treatment based on group membership. |
| Institutional discrimination | Discrimination built into institutions. |
| Systemic discrimination | Discrimination embedded across society. |
| Implicit bias | Unconscious attitudes that influence behavior. |
| Racial wage gap | Differences in earnings between racial groups. |
| Racial wealth gap | Differences in accumulated assets between racial groups. |
| Social construction of gender | Gender roles learned through socialization, not biology. |
| Gender roles | Social expectations for behavior based on gender. |
| Makers: Women Who Make America | (CHECK TEXTBOOK/CLASS NOTES) |
| Examples of gender inequality | (CHECK TEXTBOOK/CLASS NOTES) |
| Instrumentality | Task-oriented role traditionally associated with men. |
| Expressiveness | Nurturing, supportive role traditionally associated with women. |
| Intersectionality | Overlapping and interconnected systems of inequality. |
| Doing gender | Performing gender through daily behavior. |
| Sexism | Discrimination based on sex or gender. |
| Glass ceiling | Invisible barrier preventing women from reaching leadership positions. |
| Second shift | Unpaid household labor performed after paid work. |
| Social change | Significant alterations in social behavior, structures, or culture over time. |
| Social movements | Organized efforts to bring about or resist change. |
| Relative deprivation approach | Movements arise when people feel deprived relative to others. |
| Resource mobilization approach | Movements succeed when they gather necessary resources. |
| New social movements | Movements focused on identity, culture, and quality of life. |
| Women’s movement focus over time | (CHECK TEXTBOOK/CLASS NOTES) |
| Functionalist perspective (social change) | Social change helps maintain stability and balance. |
| Conflict perspective (social change) | Social change results from power struggles and inequality. |
| Culture lag | Nonmaterial culture changes more slowly than technology. |
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