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APHUG Unit 1 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| reference map | general information map for navigation or location |
| thematic map | information/spatial aspects of a place with more specific data; types include choropleth, dot distribution, graduated symbol, cartogram, isoline |
| choropleth map | colors and hues to show spatial distribution of data |
| dot distribution map | each dot represents quantity of spatial characteristic |
| graduated symbol | uses proportional symbols that correspond to different amounts of a variable |
| cartogram | distorts size and shape of land to represent a variable |
| isoline | lines connect points of equal value and depict variations in data across space |
| absolute distance vs relative distance | absolute distance is precise and uses a unit of measurement to show literal distance and size relative distance is less standardized and based on spatial interaction, distance of something based on travel time, cost, efficiency, etc (flow of things) |
| spatial interaction | connection and interaction and flow of things btwn places |
| absolute location vs relative location | absolute location is precise, exact, and described with latitude and longitude relative location is the location of a place in relation to something else |
| absolute direction vs relative direction | absolute direction is the exact, precise NSEW directions relative direction is relative relationships, for example "turn left at the Target" |
| density vs concentration | density is the frequency that something occurs in space concentration is how the phenomenon occurring in density is organized in space. uses two places of equal area and quantity to observe |
| clustering | close together, not evenly dispersed |
| dispersal | far apart, evenly dispersed |
| map projection | distorts spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, direction in order to show the world on a flat map |
| mercator map | most common good for navigation, shape, direction, but distortions near poles lines of latitude farther apart at the poles preserves right angles, most common Greenland looks huge |
| Peters equal area map | landmass areas a re accurate, countries sized right shapes inaccurate near poles looks stretched or squashed preserves right angles |
| robinson map | slight distortions everywhere, compromises curved latitude and longitude football shape |
| geospatial data | data collected on a specific place on earth |
| GIS | geographic information system computer system storing, analyzing, and displaying info from data sets in layers to be analyzed |
| GPS | global positioning system satellites orbit earth and communicate to find absolute location on earth to receivers |
| remote sensing | use of cameras or other sensors on satellites that orbit earth to collect digital images |
| spatial distribution | how things are spread out and arranged |
| flow | movement of a phenomena across space |
| census data | information collected periodically from a population, US census every 10 years |
| distance decay | contact diminishes with increasing distance |
| time space compression | reduced distance decay with the rise of globalization and technology |
| sustainability | use of earth's resources while keeping in mind the task of ensuring future availability |
| environmental determinism | theory that physical environment exclusively dictates human culture, behavior, development widely considered to be false, humans can choose what to do based on the options in a situation |
| possibilism | theory that physical env presents humans with a variety of possibilities which human culture and actions decide which are realized |
| map scale | ratio of distance on map to distance IRL large scale=small area=more detail small scale=large area=less detail |
| scale of analysis | geographic level at which phenomena is being studied global, regional, national, local, etc |
| region | has one or more unifying characteristics; types: formal region, functional/nodal region, perceptual/vernacular region |
| formal region | unified by one or more specific traits (ex economic, social, political, environmental) Japan: defined by political boundaries and unified gov US Corn Belt: consistent corn production, soil, climate |
| functional/nodal region | organized around a node (travel, economy, communication) like a ratio station signal |
| perceptual/vernacular region | based on perspective, part of a cultural identity, boundaries vary widely bcs of informality ex. the South, the Bible Belt |
| relocation diffusion | spread of idea through physical relocation of people |
| expansion diffusion | idea spreads from a hearth outwards additively |
| contagious diffusion | spreads additively from person to person |
| hierarchical diffusion | spreads down from a person of influence |
| stimulus diffusion | original idea is adopted and modified to fit new needs widely |
| site | physical characteristics of a location |
| situation | place's location relative to surroundings |
| boundary data | geography and legal lines delineating X can be physical, cultural, political, geographic |
| prime meridan | line of longitude at 0 degrees |
| cultural landscape | visible human impact on environment through activity and culture |
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