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BIOL 1101 Final
In-Class Notes, Gene Regulation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an operon? | oranized functionally-regulated genes, produce multiple proteins from a single mRNA transcript |
| What is an inducible operon? | turned OFF until products of gene expression are needed? |
| What is a repressible operon? | turned ON until products of gene expression aren't needed |
| What type of operon is the lac operon | inducible operon |
| How does the lac operon operate? | operon repressed in the absense of lactose |
| What type of operon is the Lrp operon? | repressor operon |
| How does the lrp operon function? | operon active bound by tryptophan |
| How does the lac operon signal? | lac produces proten -> protein is active repressor -> attaches to operator DNA sequence -> prevents RNA polymerase from reading the other genes |
| What is the primary control point to determine amount and what protein is made? | transcription |
| What two things is the activity of protein determined by? | protein cleavage, protein modifications |
| hat is a regulatory sequence of DNA | IF and how much mRNA is made is determined here |
| Where does regulation normally occur? | NOT in the core promoter region, rather through enhancers |
| What are enhancers? | DNA that contains cis motifs (binding sites) |
| What parts can researchers see to determine gene expression? | regulatory regions from genes of interest FUSED to coding region from a protien researchrs can see |
| How does the noggin mouse gene work to determine gene expression? | regulatory regions from the noggin mouse bound to coding-region from B-galactosidase, enzyme turns things blue |
| What 2 things do you NEED for gene expression to occur? | enhancers and regulatory transcription factors |
| What do regulatory transcription factors bind to? | enhancers |
| What do regulatory transcription factors do? | bind to specific DNA sequences, bind o enhancers in FRONT of specific genes |
| What is the DNA binding domain? | of transcription factors, targets it to a specific gene |
| What is the activation domain? | controls the rate of transcription by assembling/not large transcription complex |
| What type of regulation does the lac repressor do? | inducible negative regulation |
| What type of regulation does the trp repressor do? | repressible negative regulation |
| What type of regulation does cAMP binding protein do? | inducible positive regulation |
| How does DNA binding domain work? | region on TF that makes non-covalent bonds with dsDNA |
| How does activation domain work? | region on TF that makes non-covalent bonds with other gene regulatory proteins |
| What 2 things control which genes and how much are transcribed? | TF binding to enhancers, which enhancers are available for binding too |
| What must allow TF binding? | chromatin |
| What are histoines? | very basic (positively charged) proteins |
| What is a nucleosome? | histone + DNA |
| What determines how much chromatin is AVAILABLE to access for expression? | the way histones wrap around DNA (tight/not) |
| What is fetal hemoglobin B? | allows fetus to take O2 from mothers bloodstream |
| When is fetal hemoglobin B stop being expressed? | in red blood cells after birth |
| Wha are stem cells? | cells that can self renew and generate new cell types |
| What type of potent is embryonic stem cell? | pluripotent |
| What type of potent is adult stem cells? | multipotent |
| What type of potent is precursor cell? | multipotent |
| What type of potent is differentiated cell? | "non"potent |
| What are the four specific factor that can reprogram differentiated cells into pluripotent stem cells? | Oct4, klf4, sox2, c-Myc |
| What can embryonic stem cells do? | self-renew, generate cells that together form organs |
| What can adult stem cells do? | self-renew, replenish specific related cells types, survive decades in growing in supportive environment |
| Whaat can induced pluripotent stem cells do? | induced outside organisms (in-vitro) & survive there indefinitely, ability to self-renew, ability to genrate cells that together form complete organs |
Created by:
goldengalleon