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L.C History Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Quakers | Members of the society of friends, a religious group that rose in the 17th century. rejected formal theology and educated ministry. |
| puritans | individuals who believed that Queen Elizabeth's reforms of the church of England had not gone far enough |
| separatists | members of an offshoot branch of puritanism, believed that the church was too corrupt to be reformed |
| pilgrims | settlers from Plymouth colony who viewed themselves as spiritual wanderers |
| Anglican | or or belonging to the church of England, a protestant domination |
| Stono rebellion | uprising in 1739 of south Carolina slaves against whites inspired in part by Spanish officials' promise for freedom to American slaves who escape to florida |
| King Philips war | Conflict in New England 1675-1676 that between wamanoags, Narragansetts, and other Indian people against English settlers |
| Pueblo revolt | rebellion in 1680 of pueblo indians in new Mexico against their Spanish overlords |
| bacon's rebellion | violent conflict in Virginia 1675-1676 beginning with settlers attacks on indians |
| beaver wars | series of bloody conflicts occurring between the 1640's and 1680's during which the Iroquois fought the Huron and french for control of the fur trade |
| mercantilism | economic system whereby the government intervenes in the economy for the purpose of increasing national wealth |
| virtual representation | the notion that parliamentary members represented the interest of the nation as a whole, not those of the particular district that elected them |
| actual representation | the practice whereby elected representatives normally reside in their districts and are directly responsive to local interests |
| glorious revolution | bloodless revolt that occurred in England in 1688 when parliamentary leaders invited William of orange, a protestant, to assume the English throne |
| great awakening | tremendous religious revival in colonial America striking first in the middle colonies and New England in the 1740's and then spreading to the southern colonies |
| Whigs | the name used by advocates of colonial resistance to British measures during the 1760's and 1770's |
| tories | a derisive term applied to loyalists in America who supported the king and parliament just before and during the American revolution |
| sovereignty | the supreme authority of the state, including both the right to take life and to tax |
| declaration of rights and grievances | asserted that the stamp act and other taxes imposed on the colonies formed to oppose the stamp act |
| republicanism | the idea that governments must exercise power, but simultaneously cautioning that power could easily overwhelm liberty |
| second continental congress | convened in Philadelphia on may 10th 1775, the second continental congress called for the patchwork of local forces to organize the continental army |
| olive branch petition | a last effort for peace that avowed america's loyalty to George III and requested that he protect them from further aggressions |
| declaration of the causes and necessity of taking up arms | declaration of the second continental congress that americans were ready to fight for freedom and liberty |
| contract theory of government | the belief that government is established by human beings to protect certain rights |
| republican | used to describe a theory derived from the political ideas of classical antiquity |
| judicial review | a power implied in the constitution that gives federal courts the right to and determine the constitutionality of acts passed by Congress and state legislation |
| natural rights | political philosophy that maintains that individuals have an inherent right, found in nature and preceding any government or written law to life and liberty |
| bill of rights | a written summary of inalienable right and liberties |
| Shay's rebellion | an armed movement of debt-ridden farmers in western Massachusetts in the winter of 1786-1787 |
| northwest ordinance '87 | legislation passed by Congress under the articles of confederation that prohibited slavery in the northwest territories |
| southwest ordinance '87 | legislation passed by congress that set up a government with no prohibition on slavery in the U.S territory south of the Ohio river |
| nationalists | group of leaders in the 1780s who spearheaded the drive to replace the articles of confederation with a stronger central government |
| land ordinance of 1785 | act passed by Congress under the articles of confederation that created the grid system |
| madbury vs madison | supreme court decision of 1803 that created the precedent of judicial review by ruling as unconstitutional part of the judiciary act of 1789 |
| Fletcher vs peck | supreme court decision of 1810 that overturned a state law by ruling that it violated a legal contract |
| embargo act of 1807 | act passed by Congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port |
| Monroe doctrine | in December 1823, Monroe declared to Congress that the America's are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for the future colonization by any European power |
| era of good feelings | the period from 1817 to 1823 in which the disappearance of the federalists enabled the republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony |
| Missouri compromise | sectional compromise in Congress in 1820 that admitted Missouri to the union as a slave state and Maine as a free state and prohibited slavery in the northern Louisiana purchase territory |
| democratic party | political party formed in the 1820' under the leadership of Andrew Jackson, favored states' rights and a limited role for the federal government, especially in economic affairs |
| whig party | political party formed in the mid 1830s in opposition to the democrats |
| gag rule | procedural rule passed in the house of representatives that prevented discussion of antislavery petitions from 1836-1844 |
| nullification crisis | sectional crisis in the early 1830s in which a states' rights party in South Carolina attempted to nullify federal law |
| spoils system | the awarding of government jobs to party loyalists |
| abolitionist movement | a radical antislavery crusade committed to the immediate end of slavery that emerged in the three decades before the civil war |
| slave codes | a series of laws passed mainly in the southern colonies in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries to defend the status of slaves and codify the denial of basic civil rights to them |
| gang system | the organization and supervision of slave field hands into working teams on southern plantations |
| black codes | laws passed by states and municipalities denying many rights of citizenship to free black people before the civil war |
| prosser's rebellion | slave revolts that failed when Gabriel Prosser, a slave preacher and blacksmith, organized a thousand slaves for an attack on richmond Virginia in 1800 |
| vessey's conspiracy | the most carefully devised slave revolt in which rebels planned to seize control of Charleston in 1822 |
| turner's rebellion | uprising of slaves led by Nat Turner in South Hampton county Virginia in the summer of 1831 |
| underground railroad | support system set up by antislavery groups in the upper south and north to assist slaves in escaping to freedom |
| temperance | reform movement originating in the 1820's that sought to eliminate to eliminate the consumption of alcohol |
| cult of domesticity | the belief that women, by virtue of their sex, should stay home as the moral guardians of family life |
| nativist | favoring the interests and culture of native-born inhabitants over those of immigrants |
| communism | a social structure based on the common ownership of property |
| socialism | a social order based on government ownership of industry and worker control over corporations as a way to prevent worker exploitation |
| transcendentalism | a philosophical and literary movement centered on an idealistic belief in the divinity of individuals and nature |
| manifest destiny | doctrine first expressed in 1845, that the expansion of white Americans across the continent was inevitable and ordained by God |
| claim clubs | groups of local settlers on the nineteenth century frontier who banded together to prevent the price of their land claims from being bip up by outsiders at public land auctions |
| Oregon trail | overland trail of more than two thousand miles that carries American settlers from the Midwest to new settlements in Oregon, California, and Utah |
| Santa Fe trail | the 900 mile trail opened by American merchants for trading purposes following mexico's liberalization of the formerly restrictive trading policies of spain |
| alamo | Franciscan mission at San Antonio Texas, that was the site in 1836 of a siege and massacre of Texans by Mexican troops |
| mexican cession of 1848 | the addition of half a million square miles to the United States as a result of victory in the 1846 war between the United States and Mexico |
| popular sovereignty | a solution to the slavery crisis suggested by Michigan senator Lewis Cass by which territorial residents, not Congress, would decide slavery's fate |
| compromise of 1850 | the four step compromise that admitted California as a free state, allow territories to decide slave status on their own, ended the slave trade in D.O.C, and passed a new fugitive slave law |
| wilmot proviso | the amendment offered by Pennsylvania democrat David Law in 1846 which stipulated that as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the republic of Mexico |
| fugitive slave act | Law, part of the compromise of 1850 that required authorities in the morth to assist southern slave catchers and return runaway slaves to their owners |
| bleeding kansas | violence between pro and antislavery forces in Kansas territory after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska act in 1854 |
| Kansas- Nebraska act | Law passed in 1854 creating the Kansas and Nebraska territories but leaving the question of slavery open to residents |
| copperheads | A term republicans applied to northern war dissenters and those suspected of aiding the confederate cause during the civil war |
| radical republicans | a shifting group of republican congressmen, usually a substantial minority, who favored the abolition of slavery from the beginning of the civil war and later advocated harsh treatment of the defeated south |
| emancipation proclamation | decree announced by president Abraham Lincoln in September 1862 and formally issued on January 1st 1863, freeing slaves in all confederate states still in rebellion |
| first confiscation act | law passed by Congress in august 1861, it liberated only those who had directly assisted the confederate war effort or whose masters were openly disloyal to the union |
| second confiscation act | law passed by Congress in July 1862 giving union commanders the right to seize slave property as their armies marched through confederate territory |
| thirteenth amendment | constitutional amendment ratified in 1865 that freedom all slaves throughout the United states |
| Lost cause | the phrase many white southerners apply to their civil war defeat |
| scalawags | southern whites, mainly small landowning farmers and well off merchants and planters |
| carpetbaggers | pejorative term to describe northern transplants to the south, many of whom were union soldiers who stayed in the south after the war |
| Ku Klux Klan | perhaps the most prominent of the vigilante groups that terrorized black people in the south during the reconstruction era |
| redeemers | southern democrats who wrested control of governments in the former confederacy from republicans, often through electrical fraud and violence beginning in 1870 |
| compromise of 1877 | the congressional settling of the 1876 election that installed republican Rutherford B. Hayes in the white house and gave democrats control of all state governments in the south |
| fourteenth amendment | constitutional amendment passed by Congress prohibiting states from violating the civil rights of their citizens and offered states the choice of allowing black people to vote |
| fifteenth amendment | passed by Congress in 1869, guaranteed the right of American men to vote, regardless of race |
| freedmen's bureau | agency established by Congress in march of 1865 to provide social, educational, and economic services to former slaves |
| sharecropping | labor system that evolved during and after reconstruction where landowners furnished laborers with a house, farm animals, and tools and advanced credit in exchange for a share of the laborers crop |
| black codes | laws passed by states and muncipalities denying many rights of citizenship to free blacks before the civil war also during the reconstruction era |
| whiskey rebellion | armed uprising inn 1794 by farmers in western Pennsylvania who attempted to prevent the collection of the excise tax on whiskey |
| nullification | a constitutional doctrine holding that a state has a legal right to declare a national law null and void within its borders |
| states' rights | favoring the right of individual states over rights claimed by the national government |
| xyz affair | diplomatic incident in 1798 in which Americans were outraged by the demand of the French for a bribe as a condition for negotiating with American diplomats |
| alien and sedition acts | collective name given to four acts passed by Congress in 1798 that contained freedom of speech and the liberty of foreigners resident in the United states |
| field order no. 15 | order by general William t. Sherman in January 1865 to set aside abandoned land along the southern Atlantic coast for 40 acre grants to freedman; rescinded by president andrew Johnson later that year |
Created by:
rileekay