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Biology 100%

QuestionAnswer
Diploid Cells have 2 copies of each chromosome, except gametes.
Chromosomes in humans 46 (23 pairs).
Gene DNA section coding for a protein.
Allele Different version of a gene.
Homologous chromosomes Matching chromosomes from mom & dad, may have different alleles.
Gregor Mendel Father of Genetics.
Mendel studied Pea plants.
Purebred Homozygous, genetically uniform.
Cross Mating of 2 organisms; P → F1 → F2.
Dominant Expressed if present; uppercase letter.
Recessive Expressed only if no dominant allele; lowercase.
Homozygous AA or aa.
Heterozygous Aa.
Genotype Allele combination (FF, Ff, ff).
Phenotype Physical traits expressed.
Law of Dominance Dominant masks recessive.
Law of Segregation Gametes get one allele per gene pair.
Law of Independent Assortment Genes assort independently.
Monohybrid cross One trait Punnett square.
Dihybrid cross Two traits Punnett square (16 boxes).
Dihybrid ratio TtRr×TtRr 9:3:3:1.
Probability with multiple genes Multiply individual gene probabilities.
Genotype ratio 1:2:1.
Phenotype ratio 3:1.
Heterozygous×heterozygous monohybrid Genotype 1:2:1; phenotype 3:1.
Gametes TtRr TR, Tr, tR, tr.
Incomplete dominance Heterozygous blends traits.
Example incomplete dominance Red+white=pink.
Codominance Both alleles fully expressed.
Example codominance Red+white=speckled; AB blood.
Multiple alleles More than 2 alleles per gene (A,B,i).
Blood type A AA or Ai.
Blood type B BB or Bi.
Blood type AB AB.
Blood type O ii.
AB blood receives A,B,AB,O.
O blood receives O.
Polygenic inheritance Trait from multiple genes, shows range.
Epistasis One gene overshadows others.
Linked genes Close on same chromosome, inherited together.
Crossing over Breaks linked genes.
Female sex chromosomes XX.
Male sex chromosomes XY.
Males show X-linked recessive Only 1 X, no mask.
Carrier female Heterozygous X-linked, trait not expressed.
X-linked recessive pattern Mostly males, skips generations, affected father→no affected sons.
Incomplete dominance cross outcome Genotype 1:2:1; phenotype 25% one, 50% blended, 25% other.
Codominance BW×WW 50% BW, 50% WW.
Blood type AB×B Kids AB,A,B or AB,B.
Gametes CR CW CR,CW.
Sex-linked XBXb×XBY daughters 50% carriers,50% normal.
Mutation Change in DNA sequence.
Somatic mutation Body cells, not inherited.
Germline mutation Gamete cells, inherited.
Mutagen Causes DNA damage (UV, chemicals, radiation).
Mutations always bad? No.
Two mutation types Gene and chromosome.
Point mutation One nucleotide changed.
Example point mutation Sickle cell anemia.
Frameshift mutation Insertion/deletion.
Frameshift effect Changes all codons after.
Duplication Extra gene copies.
Translocation Segments swap non-homologous chromosomes.
Nondisjunction Chromosomes fail to separate.
Example nondisjunction Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21).
Pedigree Chart of family inheritance.
Autosomal recessive Skips generations, equal M/F, affected child with normal parents.
Autosomal dominant Appears every generation, no skipping.
Sex-linked recessive Mostly males, skips generations, affected father→no sons.
Identify sex-linked More males affected.
Identify autosomal recessive Child affected, parents normal.
Identify autosomal dominant Affected child has affected parent.
Frameshift deletion ATTACC→ATACC.
Frameshift insertion ATTACC→ACTTACC.
Point mutation example GAG→GUG.
Nondisjunction result Gametes with 1 or 3 chromosomes.
Created by: user-1893198
 

 



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