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Pharm Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chemical Name | Chemical composition of a drug |
| Generic (official) Name | Official name of drug (ex. acetaminophen) |
| Trade/Brand Name | Product name of the drugs (ex. Tylenol) |
| Agency responsible for drug approval | FDA (food and drug administration) |
| Agency regulating controlled substances | DEA (drug enforcement agency |
| Schedule l Drug | Highest abuse potential |
| Schedule ll Drug | High abuse potential, Need signed prescription - no refills |
| Schedule lll Drug | Some abuse potential (codeine mixtures) |
| Schedule lV Drug | Low abuse potential |
| Schedule V Drug | Lowest abuse potential (cough syrups) |
| Potency | Measure of strength related to dose of drug |
| Efficacy | Maximum response regardless of dose |
| Agonist | Has affinity for a receptor, combines with the receptor, and produces an effect |
| Antagonist | Counteracts and competes with the agonist for the receptor |
| TI = | Lethal dose/Effective dose (LD/ED) |
| A low TI indicates what | Drug is not safe - Higher TI = safer drug |
| Pharmacokinetics (ADME) | What the body does in response to drugs |
| A | Absorption |
| D | Distribution |
| M | Metabolism |
| E | Excretion |
| First-pass effect occurs with what drugs? | Oral route drugs |
| Drug elimination largely occurs in the | Kidneys and Liver |
| Number of half-lives requires for drug clearance | 4-5 |
| Fastest/Most predictable route of administration | IV |
| Routes of administration affected by first-pass effect | Oral route |
| Routes of administration not affected by first-pass effect | IV, Subcutaneous, Inhalation, & Topical |
| Sympathetic (Adrenergic) primary actions | "Fight or Flight" - Vasoconstriction (increased BP), Increased HR, Dilates bronchioles, etc. |
| Asthma medication (B2 agonist) | Albuterol (Salbutamol) |
| Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) drug that stimulates salivation | Pilocarpine |
| Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine | Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) |
| Anticholinergics (Parasympatholytics) are used for what? | Block PANS (muscarinic receptors) - Increase HR, dilate eyes, xerostomia, CNS sedation or excitation |
| Aspirin (Salicylates) MOA | Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis |
| Aspirin (Salicylates) Effects | Analgesic, Antipyretic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-platelet |
| NSAIDs reduce inflammation by inhibiting what? | Prostaglandin synthesis |
| NSAIDs effects | Analgesic, Antipyretic, Anti-inflammatory |
| Acetaminophen MOA | Blocks cyclooxygenase in the brain |
| Acetaminophen effects | Analgesic, antipyretic |
| Acetaminophen does NOT provide what? | Anti-inflammatory effect |
| Acetaminophen overdose affects what? | The liver (Hepatotoxicity) |
| Opioid MOA | Block pain receptors in the brain |
| Opioid reversal agent | Narcan |
| Most common opioid used in dentistry | Codeine |
| Opioids should be used cautiously with what depressants? | CNS depressants (Benzodiazepines, alcohol, etc) |
| Drug class to avoid in pregnancy | Tetracycline |
| Pre-med drug of choice | Amoxicillin |
| Pre-med standard dose | Amoxicillin 2000mg (2g) |
| Most allergenic antibiotic | Penicillin |
| Antibiotic most commonly used in dentistry | Amoxicillin |
| Common TB medications | RIPE (Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol) |
| Antibiotic used for periodontal infections | Tetracycline |
| Antifungals treat what infections? | Fungal |
| Benzodiazepine reversal agent | Flumazenil |
| Primary effect of IV benzodiazepines | Reduction of anxiety & drowsiness/sleep (sedation) |
| What anesthetic causes more allergies? | Esters |
| Ester examples | Only one "i" (ex. tetracaine, procaine) |
| Max. epinephrine dose for a healthy pt. | 0.2mg |
| Max. epi dose for a cardiac pt. | 0.04 (2 cartridges) |
| Which anesthetic lasts the longest? | Bupivacaine |
| Surgical Stage l | Analgesia, pt. is conscious, some amnesia may be present |
| Surgical Stage ll | Delerium/excitation, begins with pt. unconscious and some involuntary movements (do not want to keep pt. here) |
| Surgical Stage lll | Surgical anesthesia |
| Surgical Stage lV | Respiratory/medullary paralysis (Pt. will die if not immediately reversed) |
| MAC is _____ related to potency | Inversely (lower MAC = stronger gas) - Most generals have a MAC <5 |
| Nitrous Oxide advantages | Rapid onset, easy admin, close control, rapid recovery, safe for kids |
| Nitrous Oxide contraindications | Respiratory obstruction, COPD, emotional instability, pregnancy |
| Prevent diffusion hypoxia by administering ____% oxygen for ____ minutes. | 100% oxygen for 5-7 minutes |
| First CHF drugs used | Cardiac glycosides (ex. digoxin) |
| Acute angina treatment | Nitroglycerin |
| Thiazide side effects | Hypokalemia & Hyperuricemia |
| Medication contraindicated with aspirin | Warfarin |
| Drug class associated with gingival enlargement | Anticonvulsants & Calcium Channel Blockers |
| Safe INR range for dental treatment | 3.5-4 |
| -olol | Beta blockers |
| -pril | Ace inhibitors |
| -sartan | Hypertension (-zosan) ? |
| -statin | Antihyperlipidemics |
| GERD medications include | Proton-pump inhibitors (Omeprazole & Lansoprazole) |
| Medication NOT used for GERD | Calcium Channel Blockers, ACE inhibitors |
| GERD dental considerations | Protect enamel from acid, Don't brush right after throwing up |
| Safest analgesic for gastric ulcers | Acetaminophen |
| Antiseizure drug causing gingival enlargement | Phenytoin (Hydantoid) |
| Abrupt discontinuation of ______ may trigger seizures? | Seizure medication |
| Drug for bipolar maintenance | Lithium - Do NOT take with NSAIDs |
| SSRIs are first line for what? | Depression |
| Use caution with epi in patients taking _______. | Tricyclic antidepressants (SSRIs) |
| Adrenocorticosteroid deficiency leads to what? | Addison's disease |
| Common oral corticosteroid | Prednisone |
| First-line rescue inhaler | SABAs (short-acting beta-agonists) - albuterol |
| Most sedating H1-antihistamine | Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) |
| Other common antihistamines | Loratadine, Cetirizine |
| If unsure if pt. is hypo- or hyperglycemic give ____ | Glucose (don't know = assume hypo) |
| Type I diabetes | Insulin dependent, Diagnosed in people younger than 30 |
| Type II diabetes | Non-insulin dependent, Associated with obesity, Majority of cases |
| Goiter is caused by a deficiency of what? | Hyperthyroidism, Graves disease - Enlarged thyroid |
| Signs of hyperthyroidism | Heat intolerance, weight loss, tremors, anxiety, exophthalmos |
| Signs of hypothyroidism | Tired, dry skin, depression, feeling cold, muscle aches |
| Dental contraindication for thyroid conditions | Avoid epi |
| Hypothyroid replacement medication | Levothyroxine |
| Lowest ONJ risk | Patients taking oral bisphosphonates for osteoporosis |
| Xylitol MOA | Not metabolized by S. mutans, Reduces bacteria and caries risk |
| Essential oil mouth rinse | Thymol, Eucalyptol, Menthol |
| Aloe vera extract is used for what? | Topical wound healing and laxative (internal) |
| Historical topical analgesic | Oil of cloves (no long-term effects) |
| Herbal anti-plaque rinse | Triclosan |
| 1500 ppm fluoride toothpaste | OTC |
| 5000 ppm fluoride toothpaste | Prescription |
| Potency is ____ when dose is smaller | Greater |
| First pass effect | The drug that is used up the first time it passes through the liver |
| High first pass = | more dose is needed to receive same effect you would get through IV dose |
| Nitrous can color | Blue |
| Oxygen can color | Green |
| Local anesthetic MOA | Blocks peripheral nerve conduction through decreasing sodium ion permeability |
| Ester metabolism | Pseudocholinesterase in blood plasma |
| Amides metabolism | Liver |
Created by:
jridder25