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B3 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Explain how the Gestalt people explain how we see a scene | humans are always looking at the big picture instead of individual parts |
| Explain the Gestalt concepts of closure and proximity. | Closure-we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object; Proximity- we group things that are close together |
| How does the Opponent Process Theory explain afterimages? | Opponent Process Theory-because of pairings of receptors in the retinas, when one partner in the pair is stimulated, the other is inhibited and the cell fires briefly when inhibition ends, creating an afterimage |
| What's the difference between color constancy and shape constancy? | Color Constancy-we perceive the object as always being the same color; Shape constancy-we perceive the object as always being the same shape |
| How does the monocular cue of interposition show distance/depth? | Monocular-ways a single eye helps you see and process what you're looking at; interposition-a monocular depth cue occurring when two objects are in the same line of vision and the closer object, which is fully in view, partly conceals the farther object |
| How does the monocular cue of relative show distance/depth? | Relative Size-If two objects are equal in size, one that is farther away will take up less of the field of view than the closer one |
| How does the monocular cue of linear perspective show distance/depth? | linear perspective-two parallel lines appear to meet together in the distance |
| Which part of the retina causes color blindness / color deficient vision? | color blindness-caused by problems with cones |
| What's the difference between rods and cones? | Cones-retinal receptors that detect color; mostly in fovea; Rods-retinal receptors that process only black, white, and grey |
| What is the order of sound vibrations through the parts of the ear, starting with the auditory canal and ending with the auditory nerve? | |
| What's the difference between accommodation in the sensation unit and the cognition unit? | Accommodation-when the lens changes shape to focus near or far images on the retina or when you adjust a category to fit in new information in cognition |
| Identify each structure's name and function on a diagram: retina, pupil, iris, cornea, lens, optic nerve. | 1 retina, 2 lens, 3 iris, 4 pupil, 5 cornea, 6 optic nerve |
| Explain how binocular depth cues use retinal disparity. | Retinal Disparity-by comparing the difference between the images collected by each retina, the brain can tell how far away something is |
| What is something you quit noticing due to sensory adaptation. | Sensory Adaptation-constant stimulation makes you stop noticing the constant stimuli |
| What's the difference between the absolute threshold and the difference threshold? | absolute threshold-the point at which you can notice a stimuli 50% of the time; difference threshold-the point at which you can notice the difference between two stimuli 50% of the time |
| How does sound localization use both ears? | Sound Localization-you can tell which direction a sound came from because it hits the ear closest to it first |
| Where does transduction occur for sound? for vision? | Transduction-converting stimulus energy into neural impulses (cochlea for sound / retina for vision) |
| Where are the sensors for the vestibular sense? For the kinesthetic sense? | Vestibular sense-sense of balance and head position; processed in semicircular canals; kinesthetic sense-sense of limb position; processed in joints and muscles |
| What's the difference between antisocial behavior and prosocial behavior? | Antisocial Behavior-when people hurt others; Prosocial Behavior-when people help others |
| What's the difference between discrimination and generalization in the learning unit? | Discrimination-when the learner does not react to similar stimuli; Generalization-when the learner reacts to any similar stimuli |
| What's the difference between shaping and chaining in the learning unit? | shaping-teaching small steps along the way to one big complex behavior; chaining-connecting individual behaviors one after another |
| In the learning unit, what has to happen before spontaneous recovery can occur? | spontaneous recovery-when the behavior comes back after extinction |
| In the learning unit, what's the difference between primary and secondary reinforcement? | primary reinforcement-being rewarded with things you naturally appreciate; secondary reinforcement-being rewarded with things you had to learn to appreciate |
| What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment? | Punishment-to decrease a behavior; Reinforcement-to increase a behaviorNegative |
| What is the difference between positive and negative in operant conditioning? | Positive- adding something; Negative-subtracting something |
| What is the difference between operant conditioning, observational learning, and classical conditioning? | classical -a type of learning involving associations between two stimuli; Operant-a type of learning involving reinforcements and punishments for behavior choices; Observational-a type of learning involving watching others |
| What type of conditioning ends up with respondent behavior and what kind ends up with operant behavior? | classical conditioning ends with respondent behavior; operant conditioning ends with operant behavior |
| When Baby Albert reached out to touch a fuzzy white rat, the researcher named John Watson hit steel bars together behind him to scare Baby Albert. Now Baby Albert fears all fuzzy animals. Name the US, UR, CS, and CR. | US-sound of steel bars, UR-fear to sound of steel bars, CS-fuzzy animals, CR-fear to fuzzy animals |
| What's the difference between an aptitude test and an achievement test? | Achievement Test-a test that measures what you already learned; Aptitude Test-a test that measures your ability to learn something in the future |
| What's the difference between a case study, a correlational study, and an experiment? | Case Study-interview one or two subjects in depth; Correlational study-shows relationship between variables (not causation); Experiment-proves a causal relationship |
| One type of study needs random assignment and one needs a random sample. Which goes with which and why? | random sampling- for correlational studies to get a representative sample; random assignment-for experiments to ensure both groups are equitable |
| In an experiment, what is a placebo and why is it used? | Placebo-an inert substance used for the control group |
| What kind of research study is the only one that can show causation? Why can it show causation? | Experiment-a research study that proves a causal relationship by controlling for all other variables |
| What's the difference between crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence? | Crystallized Intelligence-accumulated knowledge that increases with age; Fluid intelligence-quick problem solving ability that decreased in old age |
| In the triarchic theory of intelligence, what are the three kinds of intelligence? | Triarchic theory of intelligence-analytical, creative, + practical |
| What's the difference between the independent variable and the dependent variable? | Dependent-the variable the researcher measures to see if it got changed by the manipulated variable; Independent-the variable the researcher changes from the control to the experimental group |
| What's the difference between identical twins and fraternal twins? | Fraternal-are no more similar than other siblings; Identical-have very similar iq scores whether raised together or apart |
| Name three reasons why the Flynn Effect occurred throughout the 1900's. | Flynn Effect-iq test scores increased throughout the 1900's due to increased education, medical, and food access |
| How is believing that bad luck is related to Friday the 13th an illusory correlation? | Illusory Correlation-an imagined relationship between two variables |
| What's the difference between a positive correlation, a negative correlation, and no correlation? | Negative-type of correlation when the variables go in opposite directions; Positive-type of correlation when the variables increase together |
| What's the difference between validity and reliability? | Validity-when a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to; Reliability-when a test gives the same results every time |
| If a study is statistically significant, what does this mean? | a relationship between the variables was caused by something other than chance |
| What brain part is primarily involved in the fear/anger emotion? | Amygdala-brain part that plays a central role in emotions such as aggression and fear |
| What brain part is primarily involved in sleep and dreaming? | Pons-a brain stem part that deals with sleep and facial expression |
| What's the difference between an agonist drug and antagonist drug? | Agonists-drugs that cause neurons to fire; Antagonists-drugs that stop neurons from firing |
| What brain part is primarily involved in speech production? | Broca's area-cerebral cortex part primarily involved with controlling speech |
| What brain part is primarily involved in understanding speech? | Wernicke's area-cerebral cortex part primarily involved with understanding speech |
| What brain part is primarily involved in processing incoming sound information? | Temporal Lobe-cerebral cortex part primarily involved with processing hearing |
| What brain part is primarily involved in balance, coordination, and procedural memories? | Cerebellum-brain part that deals with balance and coordination |
| What's the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems? | sympathetic nervous systems-fight or flight response; parasympathetic nervous systems-calming down after the fight or flight response |
| What brain part is primarily involved in producing explicit memories? | Hippocampus-brain part that deals with explicit memory |
| What brain part is primarily involved in sending incoming sensory information to the right part of the cerebral cortex for processing? | Thalamus-a brain structure that relays information from senses to lobes |
| What brain part is primarily involved in controlling the endocrine system, thus controlling hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, fight or flight, and body temperature? | Hypothalamus-brain part that controls the five f's |
| What hormone does each gland produce: pancreas, adrenal gland, thyroid, pituitary gland? | Hypothalamus-brain part that controls the endocrine system |
| What brain part is primarily involved in controlling heart rate and breathing? | Medulla-brain stem part that controls heart rate and respiration |
| What's the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia? | Anterograde - impaired capacity for new learning; Retrograde-the loss of information that was acquired before the onset of amnesia |
| What is the difference between Wernicke's aphasia and Broca's aphasia? | Wernicke's aphasia-loss of the ability to understand speech; Broca's aphasia-loss of the ability to control speech |
| What brain part is primarily involved in processing visual information? | Occipital Lobe-cerebral cortex part primarily involved with processing vision |
| What's the difference between the sensory cortex and the motor cortex? | Motor Cortex-cerebral cortex part primarily involved with controlling voluntary movement; Sensory Cortex-cerebral cortex part primarily involved with processing incoming sense of pain and touch |
| Identify the name and function of each of the lobes of the cerebral cortex on the diagram below. | Temporal-hearing; Occipital-vision; Parietal-pain and touch; Frontal-decision making |
| What brain part continues to develop until your mid-20's? What is this part responsible for? | Frontal-cerebral cortex part primarily involved with decision making that develops until mid-20's |
| What's the difference between sensory/afferent neurons and motor/efferent neurons? | Motor (efferent)-neurons that send messages from the brain to the body parts; Sensory (afferent)-neurons that send messages from the body parts to the brain |
| What's the difference between an algorithm and a heuristic? | Algorithm-Logical, methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems; Heuristic-a simple thinking strategy for solving problems efficiently |
| What types of information do people automatically process? How is that different from effortful processing? | Automatic-Processing occurs without conscious awareness; Effortful-examples include rehearsal and studying |
| What's the difference between the availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic? | Availability-a problem solving technique using your most recent or strongest memory; Representativeness-a problem solving technique using a prototype to determine category eligibility |
| What kind of thinking problem is functional fixedness? | can only think of one use for an object |
| How does context play a role in memory? | Context-dependent memory-when the environment serves as a retrieval cue |
| What's the difference between automatic processing and effortful processing? | Automatic-occurs without conscious awareness; Effortful-examples include rehearsal and studying |
| What's the difference between an encoding failure and a retrieval failure? | Encoding-when the information never got into your memory system; retrieval-an example is the tip of the tongue phenomenon |
| How could your teacher frame an assignment to make students alright with doing it versus angry about doing it? | the way in which a problem or issue is phrased or worded |
| What does the theory of Linguistic Determinism/relativism say about your language and your thoughts? | your words limit what you can think about |
| What's the difference between the misinformation effect and memory construction? | Misinformation Effect- when the things other people say change your memory of something; Memory Construction- when you change your memory of something by adding sensible information for missing parts |
| What's the difference between a morpheme and a phoneme? | Phoneme- the smallest unit of sound in a language; Morpheme-the smallest unit of meaningful sound in a word |
| How could priming make you interpret a sound as scary versus being differently primed causing you to interpret it as soothing? | priming - activation of a retrieval cue |
| What's the difference between proactive and reactive interference? | proactive-old info blocks access to new info; Retroactive-new info blocks access to old info |
| How do benchmarks assist with long term memory due to the testing effect and spacing effect? | Spacing-studying a little bit on different days throughout the semester leads to increased retention; Testing-repeated quizzing leads to increased retention |
| What are the limits of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory? | Sensory - a few seconds; Short Term - 20-30 seconds with 5-9 items; Long Term - unlimited in time and amount |
| What is the main idea of the Big Five theory of personality? | you're born with high or low of each of the five traits and you'll keep them for a lifetime |
| What are the five traits in the Big Five theory of personality, and what does each one mean? | Agreeableness-how helpful and trusting; Conscientiousness- how careful and organized; Extraversion- how talkative and focused on the world; Neuroticism-how emotional and anxious; Openness- how willing to try new things |
| How would a trait theorist explain what causes someone to have a certain personality? | you're born with certain traits and you'll keep them for a lifetime |
| How would Freud explain what causes someone to have a certain personality? | Psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory- Unconscious thoughts cause personality problems |
| How would a humanist explain what causes someone to have a certain personality? | quest toward self-actualization cause personality |
| How would a behaviorist explain what causes someone to have a certain personality? | conditioning/life experiences cause personality |
| What is the difference between the Freudian defense mechanisms of displacement, projection, and reaction formation? | Displacement-taking painful energy out on easy target; Reaction Formation-acting opposite of how you actually feel; Projection-thinking someone else feels the feelings you don't like in yourself |
| What was the MMPI originally used for? In addition to that, what is it used for today? | empirically derived personality inventory now used to identify personality and certain disorders |
| What are the two kinds of projective tests? | Inkblot Test-type of projective test created by Rorschach with inkblots; TAT-type of projective test with photographs |
| How could the three factors of reciprocal determinism enhance someone's talkativeness? | personality comes from interaction of traits, environment, behavior choices (they were born extraverted, so put themselves in situations were they are rewarded for talking a lot and then they talk more, which makes them more extraverted) |
| How would someone be different if they had an internal locus of control vs an external locus of control? | external-fate or society controls you; internal-your personal effort controls you |
| What is a task that you have high self-efficacy for? How about one that you have low self-efficacy for? | Self-Efficacy-a person's sense of their ability to succeed in a specific task; high-you believe you can do it; low-you don't think you can do it |
| Describe each of these Freudian personality parts: Id, Ego, Superego? | id - immediate pleasure; ego - balances pleasure and conscience; superego - conscience |
| Explain how Carl Rogers' concept of unconditional positive regard helps with self-actualization | humanists say this is what people need in order to reach their full potential |
Created by:
lcurty100