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BIO MID TERM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| genetics | the scientific study of heredity, focusing on how traits, characteristics, and variations are passed from parents to offspring through genes |
| heredity | the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another. |
| genes | segments of DNA that act as blueprints, containing instructions for building proteins and determining traits |
| where are genes located? | on chromosomes |
| Mendel's 3 laws | 1. Law of Dominance 2. Law of Segregation 3. Law of Independent Assortment |
| Law of Dominance | when 2 traits are crossed only one will show up |
| Law of Segregation | there are 2 factors/genes that control each trait and those factors/genes separate from each other when sex cells are made to make offspring |
| Law of Independent Assortment | genes for different traits separate independently from each other This means inheriting an allele for one trait doesn't affect inheriting an allele for another trait |
| Heterozygous/Hybrid/Carrier | inherited two DIFFERENT alleles (versions) for that gene, one from each parent (Tt) |
| Homozygous | two IDENTICAL alleles (versions) for a specific gene, one from each parent, leading to a consistent genetic makeup for that trait (TT) |
| true-breeding | an organism consistently passes specific traits to all offspring when bred with another of THE SAME TYPE, producing GENETICALLY IDENTICAL l or very similar progeny over generations |
| Parental generation | the INITAL set of pure-bred parents crossed in a genetic experiment (P generation) |
| Selfing | a form of sexual reproduction where an organism fertilizes its OWN gametes (sperm and egg) using its OWN pollen |
| Dominant | a gene variant (allele) that MASKS the effect of another (recessive) allele, meaning only one copy of the dominant allele is needed for the trait to appear. |
| Recessive | traits that only appear when an individual inherits TWO copies of a specific recessive gene (allele), one from each parent |
| Genotype | an organism's complete set of genes or, more narrowly, the specific combination of alleles -->symbols such as Aa |
| Phenotype | observable traits |
| Gametes | sex cells (egg and sperm) each have 23 chromosomes and form together to create 46 |
| monohybrid cross | looking at one trait at a time (Aa x aa) |
| Dihybrid cross | looking at two traits at a time (AaBb x aabb) |
| in a monohybrid cross what is the F2 generation ratio | 3:1 dominant:ressessive |
| in a dihybrid cross what is the F2 generation ratio | 9:3:3:1 both dominant:dominant&ressessive:dominant&ressessive:both ressessive |
| punnett square | a grid diagram used in genetics to predict the probability of offspring inheriting specific gene combinations (genotypes) and visible traits (phenotypes) from two parents |
| incomplete dominance | "blending inheritance" traits blend together to make 3rd trait ex: red+white = pink |
| what is the ratio in incomplete dominance | 1:2:1 RR:RW,RW:WW |
| Codominance | both traits show up distinctively |
| what is the ratio in codominance | 1:2:1 Red:2Roan:White |
| Roan cattle | district individual red and white hairs |
| when do you use a test cross | when you can't tell wither a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous |
| test cross | used to find the unknown genotype of an organism showing a dominant trait by crossing it with a homozygous recessive individual |
| if an offspring shows ressessive traits in a test cross... | the unknown parent was heterozygous |
| if ALL offspring show the dominant trait.... | the unknown parent was homozygous dominant |
| dominance hierarchy | ranking system for dominance by ranking most to least dominant (some traits will be dominant over some but recessive to others) |
| Multiple alleles | more than 2 possiblites (more than two alleles for a gene) [Blood type] |
| blood types and their genotypes | A - I^A I^A , I^A i B - I^B I^B , I^B i AB - I^A I^B, I^B I^A O - i i |
| haploid | Haploid cells have one set of unpaired chromosomes (n), like human sperm and egg cells (23 chromosomes) |
| diploid | containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. |
| autosomes | the 44 chromosomes that are not sex cells |
| how many chromosomes are in human cells | 46 |
| which parent determines sex of an offspring | the father - has a Y |
| sex-linkage | genes located on the sex chromosome that are inherited along with them |
| gene linkage | genes are on same chromosome so they can't seperate (exept in crossing over) |
| crossing over | breaking off of genes on chromosomes and exchanging those |
| tetrads | a structure formed during prophase I when a pair of homologous chromosomes, each with two sister chromatids, comes together |
| allele | different version or variant of the same gene, occurring at the same spot (locus) on a chromosome |
| polygenic inheritance | when a single trait, like human height, skin color, or weight, is controlled by the combined, small effects of multiple genes |
| polygentic | more than 2 genes |
| pleiotropy | one gene for many traits |
| gene mapping | finding genes on chromosome by probablity of crossing over |
| epistasis | situation where one gene controls another gene |
| trisomy | 3 of a chromosome (we should only have 2) |
| monosomy | 1 of a chromosome (we should have 2) |
| turner's syndrome | only one X chromosome -results in a female who won't reach puberty and is short, stocker, shorter fingers |
| homologs | structures, genes, or molecules in different species or within the same organism that share a common ancestry, meaning they derive from a similar ancestral form but can have different functions (human arm, bat wing, and whale flipper) |
| Down's syndrome | trisomy 21 |
| hemophilia | a genetic bleeding disorder where the blood can't clot properly due to missing or defective clotting factors passed through X gene & males are more affected |
| nondisjunction | failure of chromosomes to separate resulting in new cells that don't have the right number of chromosomes |
| types of chromsome mutations in crossing over | duplication/addition, deletion, inversion, translocation |
| duplication/addition | +1 of gene |
| deletion | -1 of gene |
| inversion | genes are backwards |
| traslocation | genes attach to chromsome that aren't suppost to be there |
| exceptions to the law of dominane | incomplete dominance, co dominance |
| exceptions to the law of segregation | Multiple Alleles, dominance hierarchy, polygenic, pleiotropy |
| exceptions to the law of independent assortment | gene linkage |
| exceptions to gene linkage | crossing over |
Created by:
morgan34