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world history final
review for final, made from textbook definitons and our packets
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define naturalism | a truth to nature |
| Define nationalism | the belief that individuals are bound together by the ties of language, culture, history, and often religion |
| Define vernacular | the everyday language spoken by the people |
| Define patron | someone who gives financial aid |
| Define renaissance | a time of rebirth |
| Who was Lorenzo Medici? | Supported scholars and artists, part of the Medici reign |
| Who was Johannes Gutenberg? | German printer who made the printing press and printed the Bible |
| Who was Albrecht Durer? | first Northern artist to apply the innovations of Italian artists to his own work |
| Leonardo da Vinci | artist, scientist, inventor, and keen observer |
| Michelangelo | painter, sculptor, architect, and poet |
| indulgences | special pardons you pay for salvation |
| Protestants | reformers who've broken from the Catholic Church |
| liturgy | a form of worship |
| Martin Luther | a reformer who initiated the Protestant Reformation, wrote 95 Theses and spoke out against indulgences |
| John Calvin | reformer known for Calvinism |
| Columbus | Italian navigator who attempted to find a faster sea route to Asia but landed in the Caribbean |
| Pizarro | invaded the Inca Empire and took gold and silver |
| caravel | a light ship with triangular sails |
| mercantilism | a system in which government protects and regulates trade to create wealth at the expense of rival powers |
| Columbian exchange | the creation of regular interchange between the Eastern and Western hemispheres |
| Balboa | Spanish navigator, first to see the Pacific |
| Cortes | conquistador who invaded Mexico in 1519 |
| circumnavigate | to sail around the world |
| conquistadors | Spanish conquerors |
| Atahaulpa | Inca emperor who was executed in the aftermath of the invasion |
| capitalism | a construct in which businesses are privately owned and exist to make profits |
| Northwest Passage | a sea route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific, which ended up not being real |
| Vasco de Gama | Portuguese explorer who sailed around the cape of Good Hope-- he proved that a sea route around Africa to India is possible |
| joint-stock company | sells shares of stocks to investors who became partners in the venture |
| Dutch East India Co. | largest commercial enterprise of the 17th century which regulated Dutch trade |
| Olaudah Equiano | former African slave who wrote about his experiences as a slave |
| triangular trade | network that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas from the 1500s to the 1800s |
| Juan Ponce de Leon | first European to set foot in Florida-- claimed it for Spain |
| Francisco Vasquez de Coronado | explored California hoping to find the legendary Seven Cities of Cibola |
| Middle Passage | the journey by slave ships across the Atlantic from West Africa to the Americas |
| Elizabeth I | Henry VIII's daughter, Queen of England who was interested in balance between royalty and Parliament |
| James I | Elizabeth's relative who ruled as an absolute monarch after her death. |
| Louis XIV | French king of legendary power, ruled an absolute monarch for 79 years |
| Charles I | King at the time of the English Civil War , forced to sign the Petition of Right |
| Oliver Cromwell | Puritan member of Parliament who fought to rid the Church of England of Catholic influences |
| absolute monarchy | gives the king/queen unquestioned and limitless power |
| constitutional monarchy | balances power between a monarch and Parliament |
| orthodoxy | established beliefs and practices |
| sovereignty | right to control one's own affairs |
| divine right | the idea that God chooses monarchs, and that all of their decisions are therefore endorsed by God (meaning that to challenge them is to challenge God) |
| Prince Vladimir | ruler of the Kievan Rus who converted them to Christianity |
| Peter the Great | tsar who advanced Russia by forcing the people to engage in Western European culture |
| the Rus | multi-ethnic people group who spoke many languages and didn't have a specific religion until Prince Vladimir of Kiev emerged as leader and converted to Christianity |
| Ivan IV | protected Russia from invasion. was very cruel and nicknamed "Ivan the Terrible" |
| Catherine the Great | German princess who married into the Romanov family and continued Russian expansion. Reformed Russia |
| philosophe | the French word for philosopher |
| natural rights | life, liberty, property, etc. (rights you are born with) |
| laissez-faire | economic term translated as "leave us alone", belief that businesses and industries should regulate their activities without government interference |
| tyranny | a state of government in which rulers have unlimited power and use it unfairly |
| social contract | an agreement between rulers and the ruled to cooperate for mutual social benefits in pursuit of ordered society |
| salon | regular social gatherings held by Parisian women |
| bourgeoisie | middle class in France, the disenfranchised |
| enlightened despot | absolute rulers who applied certain Enlightenment ideas |
| deism | a religious philosophy that supports the idea of "natural religion" |
| censor | to supress or alter information going out to the press |
| Monstesquieu | wrote about political liberty, would prevent any individual or group from seizing control of all the power |
| John Locke | English philosopher who wrote a social contract involving natural rights and believed people had the ability to reason and learn for themselves and then use this knowledge to benefit society |
| Rousseau | philosopher who claimed that civilization had corrupted people's natural goodness and destroyed their liberty |
| Voltaire | used satire to poke fun at religious leaders and the wealthy |
| Hobbes | English philosopher who believed humans were naturally selfish and wicked |
| Diderot | encyclopedist who collected all the information into literary compilations |
| estate | distinct social classes |
| despotism | the oppressive rule by a leader with absolute power |
| constitutionalism | an approach to government that strictly defines and limits its powers |
| common law | laws determined by earlier court decisions |
| disenfranchised | without rights or ability to influence their government |
| status quo | existing condition |
| nation-state | state mostly made up of people of one nationality |
| propaganda | information used by a government to make people think or act in a particular way |
| nationalism | belief that individuals are bound together by ties of language, culture, history, and often religion |
| ideology | basic beliefs |
| Marie Antoinette | nicknamed "Madam Deficit", queen during the Revolution. hated for her Austrian origins, lavish spending, and lack of concern for her people |
| Frederick the Great | enlightened despot of Prussia who introduced religious tolerance, reduced censorship of the press, and reformed the country's legal system |
| Napoleon | general-turned-dictator who crowned himself emperor in 1804 |
| Robespierre | former lawyer who led the Jacobins and wanted to transform society into a "Republic of virtue" |
| Louis XVI | absolute monarch who ruled 12 miles away from Paris in Versailles, poor decision maker and king during the French Revolution |
| Joseph II | despot of Austria who promoted religious freedom, freedom of the press and legal reforms |
Created by:
emrae