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CJC part 4
CJC flashcards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two major categories under CJS supervision? | Community supervision (probation & parole) and incapacitation (jail & prison). |
| How many U.S. adults were under CJS supervision in 2019? | 6.34 million (1 in 40 adults). |
| How many adults are incarcerated (collective incapacitation)? | 2.09 million (1 in 122 adults). |
| What are the economic costs of incarceration? | $42.89 billion total; $33,850 per inmate; $133.54 per citizen. |
| How many adults are under community supervision? | 4.36 million (1 in 59 adults). |
| What are the two goals of community corrections? | Selective incapacitation (divert low-risk offenders) and reintegration (prepare for return to society). |
| What is a suspended sentence? | A conviction where the offender isn’t required to serve the sentence. |
| What is shock incarceration? | Short jail time followed by probation. |
| What is intermittent incarceration? | Offenders serve time on weekends or at specific intervals. |
| Who is denied probation? | People with prior records, narcotics addiction, or serious/weapon crimes. |
| How many people were on probation in 2019? | ~3.5 million (1 in 73 adults). |
| What are the demographics of probationers? | 75% male; 54% White, 30% Black, 13% Hispanic |
| What are standard probation conditions? | Report to PO, notify address changes, no leaving jurisdiction, maintain employment |
| What are punitive probation conditions? | Fines, restitution, community service, drug testing, home confinement. |
| What are treatment conditions? | Drug/alcohol treatment, anger management, mental health counseling. |
| What % successfully complete probation? | 69%; average time 21.9 months. |
| What % fail by incarceration? | 15% (new offense + revoked probation). |
| What is a technical violation? | Failing a condition of probation (not a new crime) |
| What due process rights do probationers have? | Hearing, attorney, primary hearing, revocation hearing, revocation sentencing. |
| What is recidivism? | Reoffending measured by arrest, conviction, or re-incarceration. |
| State prisoner recidivism in 5 years? | 77%. |
| Federal prisoner recidivism in 5 years? | 38%. |
| What is parole? | Conditional release from prison. |
| When are inmates typically eligible? | After serving 2/3 of sentence. |
| How many adults were on parole in 2019? | ~878,900 (1 in 291 adults). |
| Male % on parole? | 87%. |
| What criteria are used to grant parole? | Nature of crime, criminal record, prison behavior, victim wishes. |
| Give examples of judicial sanctions. | Fines, restitution, community service. |
| What is forfeiture? | Government seizure of property used in or gained from crime. |
| What is ISP? | Intensive Supervision Probation—stricter, lower PO caseloads. |
| What is electronic monitoring? | Passive or active surveillance; reduces crowding but increases net-widening. |
| What was the first American penitentiary? | Walnut Street Jail (Philadelphia). |
| What was the Pennsylvania system? | Separate confinement; silence and solitary reflection. |
| What was the Auburn (New York) system? | Congregate labor in silence; cheaper and more widely adopted. |
| What did the Martinson Report conclude? | Rehabilitation programs had negligible effects on recidivism ("nothing works"). |
| What was the fallout of the report? | Public belief in harsh punishment—shift to “get tough” policies. |
| How much has correctional supervision increased since 1980? | +260%. |
| What is felon disenfranchisement? | Removal of voting rights for felons (5 million affected). |
| Most common federal offense category? | Drug offenses (46%). |
| Most common state offense category? | Violent crimes (56%). |
| What did Cooper v. Pate grant inmates? | Right to sue for civil rights violations. |
| What did Wolff v. McDonnell establish? | Limited due process in prison discipline. |
| What did Hudson v. Palmer decide? | No 4th Amendment protection in cells; cell searches allowed. |
| What is the annual U.S. incarceration cost? | $43 billion. |
| What segments of inmates grew most since 1993? | Ages 45–54 (+365%) and 55+ (+400%). |
| What % of inmates have mental illness? | 58% overall; jail 70.7%, prison 51.4%. |
| Increase in female incarceration since 1980? | +575%. |
| % female inmates with mental health issues? | 85%. |
| % with physical/sexual abuse history? | Physical: 45%; Sexual: 36%. |
| How many incarcerated mothers? | 56,000 (58% of female inmates). |
| What is Megan’s Law? | Created national sex offender registry. |
| Does SORN reduce recidivism? | No |
| Do residency restrictions reduce recidivism? | No. |
| How do sex offender recidivism rates compare? | They are the lowest among offense types. |
| What is a status offense? | Only illegal for juveniles (truancy, curfew, running away). |
| What is delinquency? | crimes committed by juveniles that would be illegal for any age. |
| What age is a juvenile in Illinois? | Under 18. |
| When was the first juvenile court founded? | 1899 in Cook County, IL. |
| What is parens patriae? | The state acts as the parent to protect the child & society. |
| Kent v. U.S. & In re Gault established what? | Youth have due process rights (5th & 6th Amendments). |
| What did McKeiver v. Pennsylvania decide? | No constitutional right to jury trial for juveniles. |
| What did Roper v. Simmons ban? | Death penalty for youth. |
| Graham v. Florida banned what? | LWOP for non-homicide juvenile crimes. |
| Miller v. Alabama banned what? | Mandatory LWOP for juveniles. |
| Montgomery v. Louisiana made which ruling retroactive? | Miller |
| How much have youth arrests dropped since 1996? | Down 75.4%. |
| What % of arrests are juveniles? | 7%. |
| Most common juvenile offenses? | Property (18%), liquor violations (15%), disorderly (18%). |
| DMC shows what? | Minority youth more likely to be arrested, detained, and sentenced. |
| What % of cases are petitioned for hearings? | 54%. |
| What % of petitioned cases are adjudicated? | 53%. |
| What is the most common juvenile sanction? | Probation (51%). |
| What is the national one-day count of juveniles in custody? | 36,500. |
| Average length of stay? | 113 days. |
| Average cost? | $241/day ($29,000 per stay). |
Created by:
sganeshan