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ANTH Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Culture in Anthropology refers to | shared meanings, practices, and learned behvaiors |
| enculturation is the process by which people | learn cultural norms through participation and observation |
| a symbol is best defined as | a gesture or object whose meaning is culturally assigned |
| what challenge did Claire Sterk emphasize in her fieldwork with women engaged in sex work during the AIDS era? | navigating ethical responsibilities while building trust with participants who faced stigma and vulnerability |
| a researcher feeling disoriented, frustrated, or overwhelmed during early fieldwork stages is experiencing | culture shock |
| the distinction between emic and etic perspectives is that | Emic = insider meanings; Etic = analytic interpretation |
| "armchair anthropology" is criticized because it | relied on secondhand reports instead of fieldwork |
| historical particularism argues that cultures should be understood | within their unique histories and contexts |
| Geertz's concept of "thick description" emphasizes | interpreting layers of meaning behind cultural practices |
| using pseudonyms, gaining consent, and minimizing harm reflect responsibilities defined by | IRB ethical guidelines |
| the broad spectrum revolution refers to a period when humans began | relying on a wider variety of plants and animals for subsistence |
| which of the following is a genetic change commonly found in domesticated plants? | seeds becoming larger and easier to harvest |
| a key genetic change in domesticated animals during the Neolithic was | reduction in size compared to their wild ancestors |
| which region is correctly matched with its Neolithic domesticates? | Middle East --> wheat, barley, sheep, goats |
| which of the following statements about Cohen's five modes of subsistence best reflects Kottak's description | Foraging is associated with the lowest population density, while agriculture supports larger, more sedentary populations |
| which of the following is an advantage of food production over foraging? | ability to support larger, sedentary populations |
| horticulture is characterized by which of the following? | Non-intensive plant cultivation using fallowing and sometimes slash-and-burn |
| which mode of subsistence is most strongly associated with mobility and dependence on herds? | pastoralism |
| which of the following best distinguishes formalists from substantivist economic approaches (Polanyi) | formalism assumes rational actors maximizing utility; substantivism sees economies as embedded in social life |
| in Fischer's article "Cultivating Modern Farms Using Ancient Lessons," the author argues that traditional agricultural knowledge can help modern farms because | Traditional practices offer sustainable techniques that reduce environmental damage |
| what is one of the six attributes of states? | a central government with the ability to enforce decisions |
| Mesopotamia is significant because it represents one of the earliest places where | states and urban centers emerged |
| in egalitarian societies, social organization is characterized by | roughly equal access to resources and status |
| stratification refers to | social divisions into unequal layers of wealth, power, and prestige |
| the difference between a village head and a "Big Man" is that the Big Man | achieves influence across multiple villages through persuasion and generosity |
| which characteristic best defines political leadership in chiefdoms | descent-based ranking determines prestige and access to resources |
| Max Weber's idea that states replace kin ties with bureaucratic ties means that | loyalty shifts toward impersonal institutions rather than family groups |
| according to Weber, the defining feature of the modern state is its ability to | maintain a monopoly on the legitimate use of force |
| what scenario best illustrates hegemony | citizens accept inequality as natural |
| in Padilla-Iglesias's article, seasonal social rhythms demonstrate that | seasonal routines reflect underlying classed and gendered inequalities |
| a nuclear family consists of | parents and their unmarried children |
| a family of orientation refers to the family | into which a person is born and raised |
| matrilocal residence means that a married couple | lives near or with the wife's relatives |
| in unilineal descent systems, membership is traced | through a single line, either mother or father |
| cross-cousins are defined as | children of one's parent's opposite - sex sibling |
| which marriage pattern involves one women marrying several brothers? | fraternal polyandry |
| genders stratification refers to | unequal distribution of power, prestige, and resources by gender |
| according to Leinaweaver & Marre, adoption agencies often create challenges for potential parents because | their expectations of "good" parenthood rely on unspoken, culturally specific standards |
| Lacy & Ocobock argue that prehistoric labor roles need rethinking becuase | archaeological evidence shows that both men and women participated in physically demanding activities |
| two-spirit identity in Indigenous North American groups reflects | a culturally specific role that blends social and spiritual responsibilities beyond Western gender binaries |
| ethnicity is defined as | a shared cultural background, history, and identity |
| ascribed status refers to a social position that | individuals occupy involuntarily at birth |
| Benedict Andersons concept of an imagined community describes | Nations whose members feel connected despite never meeting |
| hypodescent refers to the practice of | classifying mixed-race individuals as belonging to the subordinate group |
| what best represents institutional recism? | unequal policies and practices built into social institutions |
| according to World Systems Theory, semi-periphery nations are characterized by | a mix of industrial activity and economic dependency |
| what best reflect settler colonialism? | replacement of indigenous populations through settlement, assimilation, or elimination |
| what best reflects the idea of colorblind racism? | denying racial inequalities by claiming that race "no longer matters" |
| Marx's concept of primitive accumulation refers to | the process by which elites violently seized land and resources to create capitalist systems |
| according to World Systems Theory, core nations are characterized by | highly industrialized economies that control global finance and technology |
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ht30001