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J201 Final Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| customization of information diets | we choose what to be exposed to |
| echo chambers | environments where individuals are exposed primarily to information that reinforces their existing views, leading to polarization |
| echo chambers and polarization hypothesis | network homophily + selective exposure to homophonous information = echo chambers -> polarization |
| different forms of polarization | increased issue extremity, affective phenomena, perceived polarization |
| increased issue extremity | less people feel central about issues-either extreme |
| affective phenomena | hostility towards opposing side |
| perceived polarization | strong political division |
| media contributes to polarization | by providing biased information that aligns with specific viewpoints |
| selective exposure | theory that describes how people tend to favor information that confirms their existing beliefs and avoid information that contradicts them |
| rising importance of social networks as information filters | the rising visibility of our social networks online and how these affect the information we are exposed to |
| group conformity | the importance of what people around us do, or what we think they do, in our own decision-making processes |
| network concepts | size, density, heterogeneity |
| purpose marketing | focuses on aligning a brand's mission with social causes to resoinate with consumers' values |
| do's in purpose marketing | authentic voice, clear brand connection, live purpose through the business, do before you say |
| don'ts in purpose marketing | good intentions not enough, mind the do-say gap, oversimplify complex issue, purpose extrapolation |
| agenda setting function of the press | not telling people what to think, but what to think about |
| agenda building | events, powerful political and social actors and their agents, sociological factors related to news organizations, professional norms, ideological factors, citizens interests |
| challenges to agenda setting function of the press in current media environment | obtrusiveness of issues, declining trust in news, personal goals and motivations, issue publics vs news finds me perception, partisan news |
| issue publics | if you care about just one issue, you can get all your news about only that issue |
| news finds me perception | you will find out if something important happens |
| framing | central organizing issue or storyline that provides meaning |
| framing as perspective | placing information in a unique context so that certain elements of the issue get greater allocation of an individual's cognition |
| framing as foundation | the basic frameworks of understanding available in our society for making sense out of events |
| effective frame | provides boundaries to a problem, signals the cause of the problem, suggests how to solve the problem, implies who should solve it, generates a sense of us + them |
| frame building | constrained by societal norms, cultures, values, pressure of prevailing frames |
| frame setting | examines the effects on audiences of frames (cognitive or affective) |
| episodic framing | separate incidents; specific events |
| thematic framing | a theme/trend; reported within a general context |
| commonly employed frames | gains vs loses, societal benefits vs personal benefits, strategy vs issue, protest, peace vs conflict |
| priming | when exposed to a decision/judgment people do not take all relevant information and weigh all outcomes. Instead, we rely on mental shortcuts |
| priming activation | exposure to communication activates related thoughts stored in the mind of audience member, triggers concepts, thoughts, and moods already acquired |
| chronic activation | over time patterns of messages can result in establishing more permanent associations between concepts |
| challenges to persuasion via priming | network activation dissipates relatively fast. the role of secondary appraisals, moderately sophisticated views more easily primed by media |
| early press conceptualizations | authoritarian, libertarian, communist, social responsibility |
| authoritarian press model | educate or propagandize |
| libertarian press model | free, people educate themselves |
| communist press model | part of the state, government interests |
| social responsibility press model | emphasis on responsibility |
| elements of the Hallin and Mancini typology | development/structure of a media market, levels of political parallelism within the country, degree and nature of state intervention in the media system, journalistic professionalism |
| development/structure of a media market | rate of newspaper circulation, audience (elite vs mass), tv news vs newspapers |
| levels of political parallelism within the country | politically oriented content + partisanship of audiences, connections to political organizations, rotating door between news and government, advocacy vs objective reporting |
| degree and nature of state intervention in the media system | exerting censorship or other types of pressure, economic subsidies to media, ownership of media organizations, regulating media in the public's interest |
| journalistic professionalism | autonomy, distinct professional norms, public service orientation |
| liberal model | market dominated, mass circulation, neutral journalism, strong professionalism |
| polarized pluralist | strong state intervention, elite circulation, advocacy journalism, weak professionalism |
| democratic corporatist | state intervention (independence), mass circulation, neutral journalism, strong professionalism |
| press freedom | pluralism, media independence from authorities, environment in which journalists work, legislative framework effectiveness, transparency procedures that affect news, infrastructure that supports the production of news, safety of journalists |
| press and internet freedom around the world | decreasing due to increased use of religious reasons to censor political criticism, hazard of covering demonstrations, perceived national security needs, news control/disinformation as weapons of war, threat of non-state groups |
| cultivation | long-term exposure to media content can shape perceptions of reality |
| mean world syndrome | a cognitive bias where heavy consumers of violent media perceive the world as more dangerous, hostile, and scary than it actually is |
| cultivation in a fragmented multiplatform media environment | new interactive settings may enhance the cultivation of attitudes, yet create multiple perceptions being cultivated |
| cultural differences | collectivism vs. individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, femininity - masculinity, short-term orientation (monumentalism) - long-term orientation (flexhumility) |
| cosmopolitan communications | structural, technological, and economic changes in mass communications -> growth of cosmopolitan communications -> predominance of western/American cultural trade -> LA effect, Taliban effect, Bangladore effect, conditional effects |
| LA effect | convergence of national cultures around western values |
| Taliban effect | polarization of national cultures |
| Bangladore effect | fusion of national cultures |
| conditional effects | firewall model of conditional effects |
| social impact storytelling | the effect on people that happens as a result of an action or inaction, activity, project, programme, or policy |
| characteristics of social impact storytelling | authentic, empathetic, honesty |
| uses and gratification approach | what people do with the media rather than what the media does to people |
| do we learn from news? | we can, but not everyone pays attention + among those who do, some pay attention to the "wrong" sources |
| the knowledge gap hypothesis | as the infusion of mass media information into a social system increases, segments of the population with higher socioeconomic status tend to acquire this information at a faster rate than the lower status segments, so that the gap in knowledge increases |
| social media and news distribution | focuses on breaking news, online opinion is different than general opinion, online sentiment changes rapidly, people informed mostly by social media are less politically knowledgeable |
| news gap | what media offer vs what people want |
| artificial intelligence | the development of computer systems capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence: recognizing speech, making decisions, identifying patterns, and solving problems |
| how AI is being used in newsrooms | to make journalists' work more efficient, to deliver more relevant content to users, to improve business efficiency |
| democratic implications of AI use in newsrooms | reevaluate what is most desirable about/needed from journalism, make journalism more accessible and readable, reduce expense to produce news, make more affordable news access, develop information personalization tools to accentuate knowledge |
| how AI is being used in advertising agencies | language/writing, imagery (still and video), testing/decision making |
| ethical implications of AI use in persuasion | uses knowledge of you to trigger you to do certain things through algorithm, only knows to complete tasks, no ethical background |
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