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MV
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the core issue in “Morals & Markets”? | Whether markets are appropriate for all goods, or if some goods should not be distributed via markets due to ethical/moral concerns. |
| Who argues that markets can corrupt certain goods, and how? | Michael Sandel |
| What is “corruption” in Sandel’s theory? | Instrumental or Constitutive |
| What is the coercion argument about markets? | Issue of weak agency, non-voluntary consent |
| Kidney Market Case Study — What is the main ethical debate? | Whether selling kidneys (or organs) is permissible |
| What are the main arguments for kidney markets? | 1. Economic 2. Libertarian 3. Moral |
| . What are the main arguments against kidney markets? | 1. Vulnerability 2. Weak Agency 3. Inequality |
| What is the “Vulnerability” objection to morally controversial markets? | Such markets exploit the poor and perpetuate inequalities. |
| What is the “Weak Agency” concern? | People may lack full information or may not accurately predict future consequences—undermining valid consent. |
| What is the Problem of Political Obligation (TPPO)? | The question of whether citizens have a moral obligation to obey the law simply because it is law. |
| What does the Benefit Theory claim? | Citizens are obligated to obey the law because they benefit from the state (security, services, public goods). |
| What is the main problem with Benefit Theory? | 1. Most don't actively accept benefits 2. Doesn't generate obligation to obey |
| What is Consent Theory? | Citizens are obliged to obey the law because their consent (explicit or tacit) generates moral obligations. |
| What is a major objection to Consent Theory? | Most people have not explicitly consented, and tacit consent is often weak or unrealistic. |
| What is “tacit consent | Consent implied through actions |
| Tacit consent weaknesses | 1. Must be aware actions produce consent 2. Too easy to avoid PO 3. No third option |
| What does Fair Play Theory state? | Citizens must obey laws because they benefit from cooperative social schemes and must do their fair share. |
| Objections to Harts FPT | Unjust, unfair schemes generating obligations |
| Rawls FPT | Participation in a mutually beneficial and just scheme generates obligations to others |
| Objections to Rawls FPT | Benefit theory with many not consenting to benefits |
| What is the Repugnant Conclusion | A huge population of minimally happy people is (according to classical utilitarianism) better than a smaller population of very happy people. |
| What is Longtermism? | The view that improving the long-term future (e.g., preventing extinction) has overwhelming moral importance. |
| arguments for Longtermism? | 1. WB matters morally 2. WB of future people matters morally 3. Vastness of FP makes this morally important |
| objections to Longtermism? | Crisp - pessimism - neutrality |
| What is the Non-Identity Problem? | Actions that affect who will exist cannot harm specific future persons because those people wouldn’t exist otherwise. |
| Example of Non-Identity Problem scenario? | A person conceives a child earlier than ideal |
| What are the two main objections to controversial markets? | 1. Corruption 2. Fairness |
| Three main solutions to TPPO: | 1. Benefit T 2. Consent T 3. FPT |
| Three main problems in Population Ethics: | 1. RC 2. NIP 3. longtermism |
Created by:
user-2010321