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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the symptoms of meningitis? | 1. severe headache 2. fever 3. stiff neck 4. nausea 5. sensitivity to light 6. confusion 7. fatique |
| What is the natural reservoir for anthrax? | soil |
| Which kind of profession would need an anthrax vaccine? | veterinarians |
| What temps do we find M. leperae like to grow in? | 27-33 c |
| What does the DTap vaccine cover? | diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis |
| The GNB Brucella, what ways can it cause infection? | Brucella can infect through ingestion (unpasteurized dairy), direct contact with infected animals or tissues, inhalation of aerosols, and rarely person-to-person transmission. |
| what are the common sources of Shigella? | feces, food, fingers, flies, fomites |
| Diseases associated with Haemophilus influenzae infection include? | H. influenzae can cause meningitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia, sepsis, cellulitis, otitis media, sinusitis, and conjunctivitis. |
| Where and how does is Leptospirosis transmitted? | contact with water or soil contaminated by animal urine. |
| How do you get a Vibrio vulnificus infection? | You get Vibrio vulnificus by exposing open wounds to warm seawater or by eating raw/undercooked shellfish (especially oysters) contaminated with the bacteria. |
| What is the difference in aerobic and anaerobic? | he use of oxygen for survival and energy production. |
| How does aerobic organisms get their energy? | through a process called aerobic respiration. |
| what are the 3 cycles of glycolysis? | 1) Energy investment phase, 2) Cleavage phase, 3) Energy payoff phase. |
| How does an anaerobic organism get energy? How many ATP does that make? | uses 2 ATP to make 4 ATP |
| How do we classify viruses? | morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organism, and the type of disease they cause |
| define capsules | a thick, organized, protective layer that surrounds the outside of some bacterial cells. |
| define slime layers | loose, unorganized, easily removed outer coating found on some bacteria. |
| define endospores | dormant, highly resistant structure formed by certain bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions. |
| what did Carl Woese and George Fox do? | they discovered that the domains of life should contain 3 domains instead of 2 (they found the domain archaea) |
| what did Pasteur do? | Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation, developed pasteurization, proved germ theory, and created early vaccines (rabies and anthrax). |
| what did Robert Koch do? | Robert Koch identified the bacteria that cause TB and cholera, created Koch’s postulates, developed key lab techniques, and helped establish germ theory. |
| What did Ferdinand Cohn do? | discovered bacterial endospores, created an early bacterial classification system, and helped establish bacteriology as a scientific field. |
| what did Joseph Lister do? | introduced antiseptic surgery using carbolic acid and proved that sterilizing tools and wounds prevents infection. |
| what is a pathogen? | a disease-causing microorganism |
| compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes. | prokaryotes are multicellular organisms that lacks nucleus, while the eukaryotes are multicellular organisms that lack a cell wall |
| what is a parasite? | a parasite lives in or on the body of a larger organism called the host. the parasite derives most of its sustenance from that host. this is usually damaging and/ or detrimental to the host. |
| what are some unique characteristics of viruses? (1) | viruses cannot be killed antibiotics viruses are host specific, meaning a host must have specific cell receptors for the virus to infect them viruses contain capsids that can be helical or icosahedral in shape |
| what are some unique characteristics of viruses? (2) | Viruses have a unique shape, contain genes, have the ability to infect hosts, and are very small (smaller than bacteria). Viruses contains genes that are either DNA or RNA. |
| what are some unique characteristics of viruses? (3) | Viruses lack ribosomes and therefore cannot replicate their own DNA or RNA and will hi-jack host ribosomes to have them copy their DNA or RNA and spread infection. |
| What is a bacteriophage? | Viruses that specifically infect bacteria. |
| What does a naked virus lack? | o An envelope o Envelopes can be dried out by the use of alcohol |
| How to write a scientific name correctly. | o Must be italicized or underlined o First word (genus) begins with a capital letter o Second word (species) does not begin with a capital letter o Example: Staphylococcus aureus |
| how did Carl Woese and George Fox determine that there should be 3 domains instead of 2? | because archaea species had different cell wall chemical components compared to bacteria |
| what are the building blocks of enzymes? | amino acids (amino acids create proteins) |
| true or false: enzymes are found in all cells | true |
| what are enzymes? | catalysts |
| how to enzymes speed up chemical reactions? | by decreasing activation energy |
| what can enzymes be denatured by? | heat and other agents |
| What is Sterility? | Sterility requires the elimination of all life forms including endospores, viruses, and prions. |
| compare and contrast DNA vs RNA (1) | o DNA/RNA subunits are called nucleotides. o DNA contains: Adenosine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine o RNA contains Adenosine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine o DNA is a double helix, double stranded |
| compare and contrast DNA vs RNA (2) | o RNA is a single helix, single stranded. o Base pairs are held together by hydrogen bonds. o The duplication of DNA is called replication. o When DNA is heated, the two strands will separate. |
| Facts about ATP | o Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is an energy storing molecule, it is the energy molecule that cells use. o ATP lowers activation energy, acts as a catalyst |
| What is ATP Synthase? | A complex enzyme used for oxidative phosphorylation |
| Facts about bacterial cells | o All bacterial cells contain chromosomes o Capsules protect some types of bacteria from being phagocytized. o Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan |
| Facts about biofilms | o They are cooperative associations among several microbial groups o They play an important role in recycling elements o They colonize on medical devices causing infections |
| what is an example of biofilm formation | the scum you see built up in sinks, dog bowls, or toilets. |
| What is a protist? | o An organism that cannot be classified as a plant, animal, or fungi o Multicellular examples: Kelp o Single celled examples: Algae & protozoa |
| What does the Endosymbiotic Theory state? | That eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells. o Eukaryotic cells evolved when multiple cells joined together forming a symbiotic relationship. |
| Cell concentration | Water (H20) is the most abundant compound in cells |
| What is a heterotroph? | o Heterotrophs are organisms that must obtain their food, they cannot make it. o They must find organic compounds for their carbon needs |
| What is an autotroph? | o Organisms that can produce their own energy. ▪ Usually through photosynthesis ▪ Using CO2 for their carbon source |
| What is an extremophile? | o An organism that can inhabit severe habitats such as salty environments, extremely hot or acidic environments. |
| What does facultative mean? | o The ability to exist in a wide range of conditions ▪ Example would be how much oxygen bacteria needs to grow |
| What does obligate mean? | o The ability to exist in a very narrow range of conditions ▪ Example would be they can only grow in the lack of oxygen |
| What term describes pathogens that infect humans? | Mesophiles (they thrive in conditions similar to our body temperature 37℃) |
| What is fermentation? | o Fermentation occurs without the need for oxygen o Fermentation requires an organic electron acceptor o Yields less ATP than glycolysis |
| What does a southern/ northern/ western blot detect? | north=RNA west=proteins south=DNA |
| A common food intoxication is caused by enterotoxin-producing strains from which bacterium? | staphylococcus aureus |
| The bright red rash associated with scarlet fever is caused by which toxin? | erythrogenic toxin |
| Scarlet fever is caused by which bacterium? | streptococcus pyogenes |
| Which pathogen is the most common cause of neonatal pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis in the United States? | streptococcus agalactiae |
| Which bacterium has drug resistant strains that result in MRSA? | staphylococcus aureus |
| Which biochemical test would differentiate Staphylococcus from Streptococcus? | catalase test positive staph negative strep |
| Streptococcus pyogenes can cause what types of infections/diseases? | impetigo cellulitis scarlet fever toxic shock syndrome |
| What causes Necrotizing fasciitis? | Primarily Streptococcus pyogenes, though other bacteria can contribute (e.g., S. aureus, Clostridium spp.) |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae can result in which diseases/infections? | o Pneumonia (most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia) o Otitis media o Meningitis o Sinusitis o Bacteremia |
| Known infectious information about anthrax | o Caused by Bacillus anthracis o Forms endospores; disease types: Cutaneous anthrax (most common) Pulmonary anthrax (inhalational, highly fatal) Gastrointestinal anthrax Injection anthrax (drug use) |
| Know treatment and control measures for anthrax infections | o Antibiotics: ciprofloxacin, doxycycline o Antitoxins for systemic disease o Vaccination for high-risk individuals o Proper handling of animal hides/wool o Avoid contact with infected livestock or contaminated soil |
| Know infectious information (this includes where it is found) about Bacillus cereus | o Found in soil, dust, grains, and rice o Causes two food-borne intoxications: Emetic form (vomiting; heat-stable toxin; often from reheated rice) Diarrheal form (diarrhea; heat-labile toxin) |
| The food-borne disease that involves neurotoxin is called? | Botulism |
| Be familiar with information about infant botulism | Caused by ingestion of C. botulinum spores (often from honey) Spores germinate in infant gut → produce toxin Causes floppy baby syndrome (hypotonia, poor feeding) |
| Know information about tuberculosis. What causes it, how is it treated, symptoms. Etc. | o Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis o Acid-fast bacillus; airborne transmission o Symptoms: chronic cough, weight loss, fever, night sweats, hemoptysis o Treated with multi-drug therapy (RIPE: rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol) |
| Be familiar with facts about tularemia | o Caused by Francisella tularensis o Zoonotic; associated with rabbits, ticks, deer flies o Highly infectious; causes ulceroglandular disease o Considered a potential bioterrorism agent |
| What is brucellosis | o Zoonotic infection by Brucella species o Causes undulating fever, sweating, joint pain o Often from unpasteurized dairy or livestock exposure |
| Why do we pasteurize milk, what are we trying to protect ourselves from? | o To prevent infections such as: Brucellosis Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) Listeriosis Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) |
| How is Legionellosis transmitted? | o Via inhalation of aerosolized water droplets containing Legionella pneumophila o Not spread person-to-person o Found in cooling towers, A/C systems, hot tubs |
| Escherichia coli causes what type of infections? | o UTIs (most common cause) o Gastroenteritis o Neonatal meningitis o Septicemia |
| Characteristics of E. coli 0157:H7 infections include? | o Produces Shiga toxin o Causes hemorrhagic colitis o Associated with undercooked ground beef, raw vegetables o Can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) |
| Yersinia pestis is transmitted by? | o Flea bites (rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis) o Also via contact with infected animals or droplets (pneumonic plague) |
| Which bacterium would you expect to see from a cat or dog bite or scratch? | Pasteurella multocida |
| What kind of diseases are spread by arthropod vectors? | o Lyme Disease o Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever o Epidemic Typhus o Human Ehrlichiosis |
| What are the characteristics of the second stage of syphilis | Widespread skin rash (often palms & soles) Condylomata lata (moist, wart-like lesions) Malaise, fever Swollen lymph nodes Patchy hair loss |
| Which pathogens are spirochetes? | Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira |
| Know information about Lyme's disease | Cause: Borrelia burgdorferi (a spirochete) o Vector: Ixodes ticks (deer ticks) o Reservoir: mice and deer o Treatment: Doxycycline (early), IV ceftriaxone (late or neurologic) |
| Which infections are caused by Heliobacter pylori? | o Peptic ulcers (gastric and duodenal) o Chronic gastritis o Gastric carcinoma o MALT lymphoma |
| Know symptoms of Rocky Spotted Mountain Fever and where (geographically) more cases occur. | o Fever, headache o Petechial rash beginning on wrists & ankles → spreads to trunk o Muscle pain o Can lead to shock, organ failure if untreated o Despite the name, most cases occur in the southeastern United States |
| Routes of entry for fungus include? | o Inhalation (most common) o Trauma/inoculation through skin o Ingestion o Overgrowth on mucosal surfaces |
| Cryptococcus neoformans is commonly found in? | human mouth, intestines, and genitalia |
| Oral thrush is caused by? | Giardia intestinalis |
| Transmission of tineas include | o human to human o animal to human o soil to human o fomites to human |
| Which parasite has 4 pairs of flagella? | Giardia intestinalis |
| What symptoms of malaria occur in cycles of 48-72 hours? | Cyclical fever, chills, sweating due to red blood cell rupture. P. vivax and P. ovale: ~48-hour cycles P. malariae: ~72-hour cycles |
| Which vector causes Leishmaniasis? | sand fly |
| Does sickle cell disease protect people from Malaria infections? | Yes. Sickle cell trait (heterozygous HbAS) provides significant protection against severe malaria (Plasmodium falciparum). |
| Loa loa is a parasitic worm that infects which area of the human body? | o Subcutaneous tissues o Often migrates across the eye (conjunctiva) → “eye worm” |
| African sleeping sickness is caused by? | Trypanosoma brucei |
| Amebiasis infects which part of the body? | intestines and sometimes liver |
Created by:
ehoelzeman