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US Geog Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Milwaukee | Processing of agricultural goods which was brought by German migration who had the knowledge for breweries. Developed a diverse industrial base, so it didn't lose as many people during de-industrialization. |
| The Great Plains (mid-continent plains grasslands) | Extends to the beginning of the Rockies and starts in Northern Texas and goes all the way above into Canada (called the Canadian Prarie). |
| Settlement of the Great Plains | Settlement when people came here didn't happen immediately, settled after places like San Francisco, just known at first as a place to crossover to go West. Used to be public land until the 1862 Homestead Act allowing people to build here for almost free. |
| The Great Plains Today | Has seen population decline in recent years, this is bc of mechanization of agriculture which leads to less farmers, less local service industries. Has higher religion than the bible belt, not many big cities but some on the edges of it. |
| Winnipeg, Calgary and Edmonton | Located on the plains. Edmonton has a lot of oil extraction, Calgary was a center for the agricultural industry specifically cattle, slight and subtle sloping area with river vallies West to East direction from higher to lower elevation. |
| Natural Grassland | Low precipitation, fires keep landscape open and treeless, grazing buffalo. These factors have been suppressed by humans and the plains are more tree covered now. Windmill water pumps are common in Great Plains due to low precipitation. |
| Dust Bowl | happened bc people tried to manage land the same as the Midwest, dried out the land and overused too much landscape. This led to the land drying out completely. |
| Great Plains farming today | Today wheat is the major grain for the Great Plains bc it needs less water, but low yield per acre so more land is needed to grow leading to low population densities. |
| Texas North-South Divide | More of a cultural divide, majority of Spanish speaking people 100 miles in and from the Rio Grande in South Texas. |
| Original Minority of Texas | Many of these Mexican migrants are from the original Spanish colonial times. South Texas where the North-South divide is they have been there for a long time particularly along the river. |
| Sister Cities | On one side of the Rio Grande is the Texas city and is connected to the city in Mexico. El Paso and Juarez are an EX of this and replicated many times along the border. Fueled by American companies investing in Mexican Factories right across the border |
| Presidios | Texas military forts from Texas to California |
| Missions | Religious missions aligned through the Spanish crown and the catholic church - since it was directly connected to the top, it was much more important to the Spanish. |
| (Anglo) Republic of Texas | 1830's rebelled against Spanish controlled Mexico, and became independent for about 10 years creating a war. |
| Alamo | Was a mission where a group of English speaking people were holed up inside, and Spanish soldiers charged in form outside. |
| Lower Rio Grande valley | Highly populated area, fruit and vegetables for winter are grown here, virtually a 12 month growing season. Harvested quickly and loaded in refrigerated trucks named ("truck farming"). Originally center for ranching cattle economy brought from Spanish |
| San Antonio | Ranching initially, known for military presence and bases. The largest city with more than 50% Latino population - 2.5 million. |
| Longhorn Cattle | closely associated with Texas ranching, driving cattle over large lands and used cowboys to supervise. Continues to be important in the rural economy of the West. |
| East Texas | Coastal Texas began producing rice, used to be more prominent, Uncle Bens was created here. |
| Barrier Islands | Sandy long narrow ancient coastline problematic to settle in East Texas coast. Today has beach tourism and oil/gas industry. |
| Galveston TX | Port city exposed to the Gulf of Mexico, 1900 whole city was leveled due to hurricane, where the largest U.S. seawall was built after this. |
| Blackland Prarie | grass landscape converted to agricultural uses, Northeastern interior of Texas. Near Austin and Dallas so it became an important hub of Texas. Higher elevation separated by the Balcones escarpment. Became a TX extension of cotton south after civil war |
| Dallas TX | Mixed fast growing economy, oil industry, business center. Combined with Ft Worth with Suburban sprawl of the cities. Historically was the Western end of the South bc of cotton, and Ft Worth focused on cattle industry (not anymore cattle). |
| Hill Country | The low hilly area of TX is called the Edwards plateau. Settled mostly by German immigrants in mid 1800's founded some German cities. Wasn't good fro crops, so German sheep and goat farming on a small scale, relies on artisan crafts like cheese and wool. |
| High Plains | West Texas closest to the rocky mountains part of the Great Plains. Very flat area and are erosional flat slightly sloping plains, discovered as valuable after the Ogolala Aquifer discovered. |
| Llano Estacade | Important cotton growing region today, very flat and irrigated by the Ogollala aquifer. Name translates to "staked plains". Geologically in the Permian Basin, fossil fuel, oil and natural gas production was important here. |
| Fracking | Fairly new technology for harvesting natural gas and oil embedded in shale. Focused on the Eagle ford shale in Texas and is renewed for this industry bc these deposits couldn't be harvested before. |
| Santa Fe | On the end of the Sangre De Criste mts which are the Southern end of the Rockies. Mixed Spanish indigenous populations. Spanish colonizers were there since 1500's and mixed with indigenous people of Mexico, largest place in Southwest for a while. |
| Front Range | Eastern edge of the rockies in Colorado, urbanized area. Ski resort area, also year round resorts and outdoor recreation. |
| Missouri Plateau | Got it's name from the Missouri river bc it's far from state. Dry grassland not great opportunity for irrigation, ranching was popular bc of this. A bit of land here is Govt land, Natl parks/forests and a lot fo it is rented to cattle ranchers. Low pop. |
| Badlands | Section of sloping part of the plains, kind of a barrier between the plains and higher plateau. People avoided this bc it was hard to traverse with people and wagons hence the name. |
| Gold | Found in the small mountains Black Hills area in the border between Wyoming and South Dakota, which led to migrants and military to protect them, even though the Natives were promised this land. |
| Powder River Basin Wyoming | Surface mining coal, #1 in the country but competition has seen a decline in coal recently. |
| Yellowstone National Park | lava flows, volcanic, hot springs, geysers. Park was opened in 1872 and was the first National Park. |
| Jackson Hole | Reshaped the West, new wealth mixed with old time ranchers (the West being gentrified) |
| Butte Montana | Example of pass urbanization. Major copper town that eventually declined after the copper ran out. |
| Pass urbanization | At the Eastern side of a mountain chain you have a city for westward expansion. Area at the foothills of a pass to cross over the mountains to prep for the journey. |
| Snake River | Main tributary of the Columbia river and flows through the Snake River lava plain, a flat productive soil for Idaho. |
| Snake River lava plain | Settled by Mormons, significant irrigation systems/canals built through here connected to Snake river. A lot of small farmers with large communities so they were able to work together to build the irrigation systems. biggest potato growing state in US. |
| Boise Idaho | Growth city surrounded by a growth region surrounded by outdoor opportunites. Largest city in this area. |
| Idaho Batholith | Not aligned North to South like other batholith bc it is a large mass of granite, not really folding of mts due to tectonics and is formed through magma, doesn't erode as quick as other sediments. Hard to get around and sparsely populated. |
| Columbia Plateau/Basin | Inland of Washington State. Has the channeled scablands, a landscape derived from lava flows but theres erosion done by water here. There was a big glacial lake at some point which created the erosional scars seen, today there is little access to water. |
| Palouse Region | Good farming, primarily wheat and not too far from the Snake river, so crops is loaded on barges which wheat is taken to Portland and exported to the Pacific region as well. |
| Spokane | Largest city in Washington inland state, located on tributary with waterfalls for energy, processed wheat as a mill town. |
| Great Salt lake | Extraordinary high salt content in the water. A basin with no further outlet to the Ocean so the freshwater comes in bringing it's mineral content and it evaporates leaving these salts behind. Is dramatically shrinking due to drought and human diversion. |
| Humboldt | River that eventually evaporates, people would use it for traversal then at the end try to make it to the Sierra Nevada mts. |
| Reno | was a stopover for Donner pass which is up mountain on the other side of Sierra Nevada mountains to California. |
| Mormons | Moved Westward looking for resettlement to be more secluded, they settled in present day Salt Lake City Utah, at the highest peaks of the Sierra Nevada which gives more water as the snow melts so it was strategic. |
| Salt Lake City | Based on ideas written by Joseph Smith, the og founder of Mormons. Had unusually large blocks with fairly sized properties (low density). Eventually mormons lost control over the city, wasn't exclusively mormon. Utah became a state late bc of Polygomy |
| Nevada | Started as mining state (slilver/gold in 1850's). Sparsely populated with mining towns. People here didn't wanna be ruled by Mormons so the state was created. Divorce and marriage had eased regulations (no questions). Gambling was first legalized here. |
| Las Vegas | Created as a straight shot for waiting Californians to gamble over state lines. Wouldn't be possible without the hoover dam. Mob from the East used to gambling kind of ruled here for a while bc they knew how to illegally gamble already. |
| The Four Corners | Utah, Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico meet here. |
| Colorado plateau | Colorado river flows through here, tremendously important source of water for region but not good for traversal. |
| Navajo | Occupied parts of Colorado plateau and mined uranium. These people are very concentrated in this region. |
| Navajo Nation Reservation | 165,000 people here in 4 corners region. Largest Native American jurisdiction in the U.S. High degree of self control and limited National Sovereignty (not own Country but strong self determination). Controlled by U.S. Govt but not the State. |
| Gila River | Important for agricultural development of Arizona, the problem is there isn't always enough water for everyone. So it plays by role of who used it first and their rights to it. So Natives get first, then farmers then cities. |
| Colorado river compact | Divies the water btwn states but this agreement needs to renegotiate as water level lowers. |
| California transform fault | Pacific plate moves Northward and causes a continuous creep and slip ( plate wanting to move when it gets stuck and releasing is slip). |
| Coastal California | Has mediteranean climate, long warm dry summers, rain in winter. Mountains protect California from colder winters seen more inland. |
| California Southwest | part of the Spanish colonies focused on 3 settlement types Mission, Presidios and Pueblos. Wanting to control these territories and spread christianity. This was a frontier for the Spanish so they established their own food bc they used to the climate |
| Missions | Religious Catholic order settlements approximately 30 miles apart bc horses would reach there in the evening if you left in the morning. |
| Presidios | 4 Strategically placed on the coast to protect against the Russians, British and French during colonial times. |
| Chinese Immigration | Many railroads were built by imported Chinese labour. San Francisco was biggest city in the mid 1800's so many Chinese immigrants moved here, has the largest chinatown of any city. |
| San Francisco | Built on a grid which doesn't make sense bc of hilly and rocky terrain which leads to very steep streets. Boomed after gold rush in the mid 1800's. Flag is a pheonix bc earthquake caused fire which burned down much of the city which was quickly rebuilt |
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