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Define homeostasis The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous changes in the outside world.
Define the terms anatomy and physiology. Anatomy is the study of structure; Physiology is the study of function.
List the major levels of organization in the human organism in order from simplest to most complex. Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organismal.
List the three essential components of a homeostatic feedback loop and their function. Receptor (sensor), Control Center (determines response), and Effector (carries out response).
Explain why negative feedback is the most commonly used mechanism to maintain homeostasis. It reverses the original stimulus (change) to restore the variable to the set point.
Describe a person in anatomical position. Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing away from the body.
Identify the body plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves. Midsagittal (Median) plane.
Define the directional term: Proximal (used for limbs). Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
List the major organs found in the Thoracic Cavity. Heart and Lungs.
Contrast potential and kinetic energy. Potential Energy is stored energy; Kinetic Energy is energy of motion (action).
Identify the difference between inorganic and organic compounds. Organic compounds contain Carbon and Hydrogen together; Inorganic compounds do not.
Describe the effect of hypotonic conditions on cells. Water enters the cell to dilute the lower solute concentration outside, causing the cell to swell and possibly burst (lysis).
Compare and contrast passive and active transport. Passive transport moves down the gradient with no ATP; Active transport moves against the gradient and requires ATP.
Describe the function of the Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump. It actively pumps 3 Na + out of the cell and 2 K + into the cell to maintain the transmembrane potential.
Understand the primary function of the Mitochondrion. The site of aerobic cellular respiration where most of the cell's ATP is produced.
Describe the two main stages of protein synthesis and where they occur. Transcription (DNA→mRNA) occurs in the nucleus; Translation (mRNA→Protein) occurs at the ribosome.
Discuss the basic tissue type that is characterized by widely scattered cells within a significant extracellular matrix. Connective Tissue (e.g., bone, blood, cartilage, fat).
What is the major function of the Lymphatic System? Returns leaked fluid from blood vessels to the blood and provides the basis for immunity (houses white blood cells).
Describe how carbohydrates function in the plasma membrane. They form glycocalyx on the cell surface for cell-to-cell recognition and signaling.
Which type of tissue is classified as Simple Squamous Epithelium and functions in rapid filtration or diffusion? Epithelial Tissue (e.g., lining of lung air sacs and capillaries).
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