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BIO 313 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1st line of defense | physical and chemical barriers |
| 2nd line of defense | innate immune cells, inflammation, complement, fever, phagocytosis |
| 3 classes of antibodies | IgG, IgA, IgM |
| 3 roles of antibodies | neutralization, agglutination, opsonization (stimulate inflammation) |
| 3 types of antigens | self antigens; non-self antigens; epitopes |
| 3 types of mucosal cells | goblet cells; paneth cells; epithelial cells |
| 3rd line of defense | adaptive immunity (T cells, B cells, antibodies) |
| 5 types of cytokines | chemokines; interleukins; interferons; colony stimulating factors (CSFs); tumor necrosis factors (TNF) |
| Adaptive immunity – line of defense | third line of defense |
| Adaptive immunity definition | activated by innate immunity; tailored, specific processes with immunological memory |
| Adaptive immunity is also called acquired immunity because | lymphocytes require exposure to their specific antigen to become activated |
| Agglutination | antibodies bind multiple pathogens forming large complexes |
| All leukocytes originate from | hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow |
| Antigen produced inside a cell | endogenous antigen |
| Antibody macromolecule | proteins called immunoglobulins |
| Antigen presentation | displaying processed antigen fragments on MHC molecules for T cell recognition |
| Antigen vs epitope | antigen = entire molecule; epitope = specific recognized region |
| Antigens are | molecules or parts of molecules recognized as foreign |
| Artificial active immunity | vaccination |
| Artificial passive immunity | injection of antibodies produced by another host |
| Assay sensitivity vs specificity | sensitivity detects small amounts (avoids false negatives); specificity distinguishes targets (avoids false positives) |
| B cell interaction with antigen | BCR binds antigen → internalization → MHC presentation → helper T cell help → proliferation → plasma and memory cells |
| Bacteriocins | toxic peptides produced by normal microbiota that kill related species |
| BCR | B cell receptor; membrane-bound immunoglobulin with antigen-specific binding sites |
| Binding of epitopes by antibodies | bind native extracellular antigen via variable regions |
| Binding of epitopes by MHC molecules | bind peptide fragments from degraded proteins |
| Binding of epitopes by TCRs | recognize peptide + MHC complex only |
| Bone marrow | primary lymphoid organ where B cells mature |
| BSL-1 to BSL-4 | BSL-1 nonpathogenic; BSL-2 moderate hazards; BSL-3 aerosol lethal agents; BSL-4 exotic dangerous pathogens |
| Cells responsible for immunological memory | memory B cells and memory T cells |
| Clonal deletion vs clonal selection | deletion removes self-reactive cells; selection activates antigen-specific cells |
| Clonal selection theory | only lymphocytes with specific receptors are activated |
| Complement system | more than 30 proteins that lyse microbes, stimulate inflammation, promote phagocytosis |
| Culture-based considerations | enrichment media; selective enrichment; overlays; immunomagnetic separation; selective/differential media |
| Cytokines | soluble regulatory proteins mediating immune signaling |
| Cytotoxin | toxin that kills cells; used by NK cells and CTLs |
| Diapedesis | immune cells squeeze through capillaries to tissues |
| Direct vs indirect ELISA | direct detects antigen; indirect detects antibodies |
| Enhanced secondary immune responses | memory responses |
| Epithelial cells | physical barriers |
| ESKAPE pathogens | multidrug-resistant bacteria of global concern |
| Events of phagocytosis | recognition; engulfment; phagolysosome; killing; debris elimination |
| Fever | systemic response induced by pyrogens |
| GALT | gut-associated lymphoid tissue |
| Goblet cells | produce mucus |
| Histamine | mast cell mediator increasing permeability and vasodilation |
| Fungal characterization | growth rate; morphology; color; dimorphism |
| Inflammation | defense reaction to tissue injury |
| Innate immunity – line of defense | first line of defense |
| Innate immunity definition | nonspecific resistance |
| Innate immunity includes | skin; mucus; antimicrobial chemicals; innate immune cells |
| Interferons | cytokines that interfere with viral replication |
| Interleukins | cytokines acting between leukocytes |
| Lactoferrin | sequesters iron to inhibit microbes |
| Leukotrienes | mast-cell mediators enhancing inflammation |
| Lymph nodes | secondary lymphoid organs for antigen encounter |
| Lysozyme | hydrolyzes bacterial cell wall bonds |
| Macrophage | tissue-resident phagocyte from monocytes |
| MALT | mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue |
| Mechanisms of antibody action | neutralization; agglutination; opsonization; inflammation |
| MHC complex | genes encoding antigen-presenting molecules |
| Normal microbiota | prevent pathogen colonization and produce antimicrobials |
| Monocyte | blood precursor cell |
| Natural active immunity | infection → immune response |
| Natural passive immunity | maternal antibodies |
| Neutralization | blocks attachment or toxin activity |
| NK cells | kill virus-infected or malignant cells |
| Opsonization | coating pathogens to enhance phagocytosis |
| Paneth cells | secrete antimicrobial peptides |
| Pathogens | disease-causing microbes |
| Perforin | pore-forming protein causing apoptosis |
| Phagocyte | cells that ingest microbes |
| Antimicrobial skin products | keratin barrier; secretions; microbiota; low pH; dryness |
| Prostaglandins | mast cell mediators contributing to inflammation |
| Purpose of lymphatic system | transport lymph; screen antigens; activate lymphocytes |
| Pyogenic infection | infection with pus |
| Pyrogen | fever-inducing substance |
| Rapid ID systems | API20E; EnteroPluri tube |
| Real-time PCR | real-time DNA amplification and detection |
| Role of lymphoid organs | lymphocyte maturation and activation sites |
| Steps in B cell activation | BCR binding; MHC II presentation; helper T cell signals; proliferation; plasma and memory cells |
| Stimulation of inflammation by antibodies | Fc region interactions |
| Structure of antibody | Y-shaped immunoglobulin with variable and constant regions |
| T cell interaction with antigen | recognize antigen only on MHC |
| Cytokines are soluble regulators | true |
| IgG is most common in blood | true |
| TCR recognition depends on | MHC molecules |
| Recognition of self antigens | tolerance |
| Antigen recognition regions | epitopes |
| Origin of B cell name | bursa of Fabricius |
| Most prevalent antibody in blood | IgG |
| Removal of auto-reactive lymphocytes | clonal deletion |
| B cell surface receptors | BCRs |
| Pentamer antibody | IgM |
| Antigen-binding site | combined variable regions |
| Two types of T cells | helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells |
| Types of immunity | natural active; natural passive; artificial active; artificial passive |
| Autoantigen binding leads to | apoptosis |
| Why autoimmunity is avoided | self-reactive lymphocytes undergo apoptosis |
| Vasodilation | widening of blood vessels |
| Specimen compromise | contamination; insufficient sample; wrong container; delay; antibiotics |
| Clinical microbiologist roles | identify pathogens; susceptibility testing; safe processing |
| Immunity after disease | naturally acquired active immunity |
| B cell origin | bone marrow |
| T cell origin | bone marrow, mature in thymus |
| Antibody most prevalent in serum | IgG |
| Cells that secrete antibodies | plasma cells |
| Source of exogenous antigen | bacterium outside cell |
| False statement about BCRs | formed after antigen exposure |
| False statement about plasma cells | they are long-lived memory cells |
| False statement about specific immunity | it changes little with repeated exposure |
| False statement about antibodies | they penetrate host cells |
Created by:
maciemorehouse