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Bio 100 Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| causal questions | is a question posed about the cause of a given phenomenon |
| hypothesis | Potential answer to your question (based on a theory |
| predictions | If my hypothesis is correct, then I will observe _________ |
| Independent Variable | What you are changing in your experiment |
| Dependent Variable | What will react to the changed variable |
| Control Variable | What will be staying the same |
| Logistic Growth | n1= n0(r)((k-n0)/k) + n0 |
| Growth rate | r = (n1 - n0)/no |
| Limiting Factors! | Predation Limited space Disease Limited resources Pollution (humans) Natural disasters Competition |
| Density Dependent | Predation Limited space & resources Competition |
| Density Independent | Pollution Natural disasters |
| Biotic Factors | Living components of an ecosystem (organic) |
| Abiotic Factors | Not living components of an ecosystem (inorganic |
| Biotic ex. | Fish Plant life Algae All wildlife |
| Abiotic ex. | Water Nutrients Rocks Climate |
| Why is the equator warmer than either hemisphere? | The tilt of the Earth and curvature allows for more direct sunlight (“centered”) More energy per area |
| What factors play into climate and precipitation? | The angle of the tilt The curvature of the Earth Elevation (temp decreases with increasing altitude) High amounts of rainfall at the equator Hadley cells Rainshadow effect |
| Rainshadow effect | Lots of rain on the windward side of the mountain Arid on the other side |
| Broadleaf forests | excess rainfall high precipitation and no drought period) Cannot withstand drought Compete for light |
| Grasses | medium rainfall (temperature and precipitation look even all year) Shallow roots Need year round nourishment |
| Shrubs and succulents | long drought periods high temperature and low precipitation for the average year) Deep roots Survive summertime drought |
| Conifers | brief drought period (high precipitation with drought period) Withstand drought Compete for light |
| Climate | long-term patterns and averages of weather conditions in a particular region over an extended period, typically 30 years or more is not just temperature |
| Weather | The atmospheric conditions in a specific place at a particular point in time, typically over a short period, ranging from minutes to days |
| Relationship between climate and weather | both describe the atmospheric conditions specific regions have experienced but they differ in temporal scale and variability |
| Global warming | drives climate change |
| Ionic Bonds | Unequal sharing of electrons (strong) |
| Covalent Bonds | Sharing electrons (can be polar or nonpolar) |
| Hydrogen Bonds | Bonds between hydrogens (weakest) |
| Valence Electrons | First Shell: 2 electrons Second Shell: 8 electrons Third Shell: 18 electrons |
| Macromolecules | Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids |
| Proteins | Monomer: Amino Acids Function: Structure |
| Carbohydrates | Monomer: Monosaccharides Function: Energy |
| Lipids | Monomer: Hydrophilic glycerol head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails Function: Energy storage |
| Nucleic Acids | Monomer: DNA and RNA Function: Storing genetic information |
| Enzymes | organic catalysts! They increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy. |
| Simple Diffusion: | Diffuses from HIGH to LOW concentrations |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Diffuses from HIGH to LOW concentrations with the help of a channel protein |
| Active Diffusion | Protein pump actively (requires energy) moves particles from LOW concentrations to HIGH concentrations |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water; always HIGH to LOW |
| Hypotonic | Water enters the cell Solute concentration outside the cell < inside |
| Isotonic | Water moves in and out at equilibrium Solute concentration outside = inside |
| Hypertonic | Water leaves the cell Solute concentration outside > inside |
| animal cells | cellular respiration |
| plant cells | Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis |
| eukaryotic cells | have a nucleus |
| Prokaryotic Cells Primary Characteristics | Capsule Cell wall Plasma membrane Nucleoid Flagellum Ribosomes No mitochondria |
| Examples of Bacteria: | E. Coli Salmonella Streptococcus Staphylococcus aureus |
| How do we treat bacterial infections? | Antibiotics and steroids (reduce inflammation) |
| Prokaryotic Cells | Bacteria |
| Viruses Primary Characteristics | They are NOT living Viral genome (DNA or RNA) Cannot reproduce without a host Cannot make proteins on their own Do not have a nucleus |
| Examples of Viruses | Corona virus Hepatitis B and C Zika Ebola |
| How do we treat viruses? | Antiviral Medications |
| Bacterial Infections Treatments | Antibiotics (Sometimes paired with a steroid to reduce inflammation) |
| Viral Infections Treatment | Antiviral medications |
| Preventative Care Treatment | Vaccines |
| Cellular Respiration | C6H12O6 + O2 ------> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O |
| Photosynthesis | 6 CO2 + 6 H2O-------> C6H12O6 + O2 |
| Gene | a segment of DNA that is a recipe for a given trait |
| Allele | alternative recipe for the same trait |
| Dominant | Allele that is physically manifested if present |
| Recessive | Must be homozygous recessive for trait to appear in the phenotype |
| Genotype | All the alleles in an individual for a given trait |
| Phenotype | physical appearance of an individual for a given trait |
| Heterozygous | Have one dominant and one recessive allele |
| Homozygous | Only dominant or only recessive alleles |
| Diploid | Two copies of each chromosome |
| Haploid | One copy of a chromosome in a cell (gametes) |
| Codominance | Both traits are expressed equally |
| Incomplete Dominance | Intermediate between dominant and recessive traits |
| Autosomal Traits | Mendelian genetics (monohybrid and dihybrid crosses) |
| X-Linked | Recessive trait on the X chromosome |
| DNA Replication Main Steps | DNA Helicase breaks open DNA strand RNA primers are added to leading & lagging strands, then DNA polymerase adds on DNA nucleotides Primers are removed and DNA is sealed off to make an exact copy |
| Denaturation | Heats up DNA to break open strands |
| Annealing | Primase puts down the primer for the DNA to attach to using Taq polymerase |
| Extension | Replicates DNA from a given sample |
| Restriction enzymes: | cut up DNA Cuts at a palindrome sequence Gel electrophoresis |
| Transcription | DNA 🡪 RNA |
| Translation | RNA 🡪 Protein |
| Transcription steps | DNA Helicase breaks open DNA RNA Polymerase adds on amino acids to create mRNA |
| Translation steps | Uses mRNA to code for amino acids in the ribosome Creates polypeptides |
| Types of Mutations | Missense, Nonsense |
| Missense | Change one amino acid to another |
| Nonsense | Creates a stop codon |
| Silent Mutation | Point mutation covered by the “wobble” effect |
| Evolutionary Trees | Any two+ related species evolved from a single common ancestor The more recent the common ancestor, the more closely related the two species are No living species more “evolved” than another |
| Monophyletic group | all species are included (ideal) |
| Paraphyletic group | some species are skipped (less ideal) |
| Polyphyletic group | many species are skipped (not good) |
| Evidence of Evolution | Vestigial Structures, Atavisms, Embryo Development |
| Vestigial Structures | Evolutionary left-overs. Structures that all members of species have but do not appear to have a current function. |
| Atavisms | An evolutionary relic (structure) that doesn’t normally exist in a species but occasionally reappears. |
| Embryo Development | Similar developmental pathways for related organisms and vestigial traits that disappear during development |
| Disruptive Selection | Both of the extremes are selected Ex. Black or white, no grey |
| Stabilizing Selection | Medium is selected (extremes are selected against) Ex. Just grey |
| Directional Selection | Only one extreme is selected Ex. Either black or white (not both), no grey |
| Natural Selection Postulates | Biotic Potential, Limiting Factors, Variation, Differential Fitness, Heritability |
| Biotic Potential | Populations can produce more offspring than the environment can support, leading to competition for resources. If the species has the necessary traits to reach their maximum population potential and they don’t, this postulate is violated! |
| Limiting Factors | Resources like food, habitat, and predation control population size and prevent all individuals from surviving and reproducing. If there are external forces that prevent a species from reaching their biotic potential, this postulate is violated. |
| Variation | Individuals in a population show genetic differences, often due to random mutations. If a group does not have genetic diversity and no mutations are introduced, this postulate is violated! |
| Differential Fitness | Some traits improve survival and reproduction, giving individuals with these traits a higher chance of passing on their genes. If there are distinct differences in the survival and reproduction of one variant in a group and they arent selected based on t |
| Heritability | Beneficial traits must be passed from parents to offspring for natural selection to drive adaptation over generations. Look for keywords like “inherit, pass on, etc”. If a trait cannot be passed down, this postulate is violated! |
| p + q = 1 | Allele Frequencies |
| p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 | Phenotype Frequencies |
| P | dominant allele frequency |
| q | recessive allele frequency |
| p2 | homozygous dominant phenotype frequency |
| Pq | heterozygous phenotype frequency |
| q2 | homozygous recessive phenotype frequency |
| Natural Selection | Individuals in a population that are best adapted to their environment survive and produce more offspring than individuals that are not as well adapted. |
| Gene Flow | The change in populations because of immigration and emigration. |
| Genetic Drift | The change in the frequency of certain genotypes in a population due to small population sized caused by wither the founder effect (when a small number of the population leaves and finds a new population) or the bottleneck effect |
| Mutations | Introducing new alleles into a population. |
| Sexual Selection (Non-Random Mating) | When mate selection is influenced by phenotypic differences based on underlying genotypic differences. |
| Allopatric speciation | physical separation |
| sympatric speciation | Not physical; diverging species for other reasons |
Created by:
pworthen0723