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BruzzanoGeneralexam5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 6 major groups of living things. | Bacteria, Archea, Protista, Plantae, Funghi, Animalia |
| 4 groups of Eukarya | Protista, Plantae, Funghi, Animalia |
| Domain of single-celled microorganisms that are prokaryotic, meaning they lack a defined nucleus. | Archea |
| Tiny, single-celled organisms that can be found almost everywhere on Earth, including inside and on the human body. | Bacteria |
| Diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that are primarily unicellular and do not fit into the categories of animals, plants, or fungi. | Protista |
| A single-celled organism whose cell lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. | Prokarya |
| 2 domains of Prokarya | Bacteria, Archea |
| Testing of a hypothesis must be ______, _______, and _______. | Repeatable, falsifiable, quantifiable |
| P Value of < .01 = | Strong evidence against the null hypothesis. |
| P Value of .01 - .05 = | Some evidence against the null hypothesis. |
| P Value of > .05 = | Null hypothesis |
| Statistical assumption that suggests there is no significant correlation between the variables being studied. | Null Hypothesis |
| If standard error bars don't overlap, does it indicate that the data is different from each other and provide evidence supporting the hypothesis? | Yes |
| Is correlation the same as causation? | No |
| A fundamental concept that is widely accepted due to the fact that it has been repeatedly tested and has not been falsified. | Scientific Theory |
| A theory that has remained unchanged for a significant amount of time. | Scientific Law |
| Is evolution a scientific law or theory? | Theory |
| Is gravity a scientific law or theory? | Law |
| 5 Characteristics of living things. | Metabolic processes, generative processes, responsive processes, control processes, structural organization. |
| Is a virus living? | Because it is not cellular some scientists say no, but others disagree |
| Self contained membrane unit | Cell |
| Abiotic | Non-living |
| Biotic | Living |
| What theory states that all living things are composed of cells which come from other cells and are the basic units of life and cell activity dictates the activity of the organism. | Cell Theory |
| Segments of DNA that code for traits are called __________. | Genes |
| _________ codes specific amino acids sequences that build proteins. | DNA |
| DNA sends the information to __________. | RNA |
| RNA does what? | Translates the information from DNA to create the protein. |
| When was the Big Bang? | 15 BYA |
| When did the earth form? | 4.5 BYA |
| When did Prokaryotes first form? | 3.5 to 3.8 BYA |
| When did Eukaryotes first form? | 2.5 BYA |
| Singularity = | particle that holds all energy and matter of the entire universe. |
| The moment the singularity formed, it ____________. | exploded |
| Earth is in the ________ zone which means that all the right conditions for life are present. | green |
| Theory of biogenesis - | All living organisms are always produced by pre-existing organisms. |
| What biomolecules are required for all forms of life? | lipids, nucleic acid, proteins |
| A cell membrane has a ________ bilayer. | lipid |
| Basic cell consisting of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids surrounded by a membrane. | Protocell |
| Complex cellular behavior includes: | double membrane, osmotic balance, absorbs and divide adjacent molecules, basic movement, ATP synthesis |
| All cells need a control molecule called ___________. | DNA |
| Viroids contains ________ and no ______________. | RNA, DNA |
| RNA nucleotides are in the silt found in these. | Hydrothermal vents |
| These are found living around hydrothermal vents in the ocean. | Archaea and Bacteria |
| Geochemical and geothermal activity produces _______. | RNA |
| LUCA - | last universal common ancestor |
| If LUCA developed in hydrothermal vents would it be photosynthetic? | No |
| Chemoatutotrophs are organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of ___________ and ________ molecules. | organic, inorganic |
| ____________ and ______________ are chemoautotrophic. | Archaea, bacteria |
| Autotrophs produce what? | their own energy |
| Are animals autotrophic or heterotrophic? | heterotrophic. |
| Are plants autotrophic or heterotrophic? | autotrophic |
| LUCA probably was more similar to archaea or bacteria? | archaea |
| Can archaea and bacteria live in extreme environments? | yes |
| 3 Domains | archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes |
| A stable __________ was needed for life to begin. | hydrosphere |
| When was a stable hydrosphere present on Earth? | 4.2 BYA |
| When did prebiotic chemistry appear on Earth? | 4.2 - 4.0 BYA |
| When was the RNA world? | 3.8 BYA |
| Cyanobacteria produces what as a byproduct? | oxygen |
| When was the Great Oxidation Event? | 2.4 BYA |
| Oxygen molecules form ___________. | Ozone |
| Protective barrier that allows for life to evolve = | Ozone |
| What is the working theory for how you go from prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells? | Endosymbiont Theory |
| This theory states that eukaryotes may have been a product of one cell engulfing another, one living within another, and evolving over time until the separate cells were no longer separate. | Endosymbiont Theory |
| MtDNA create ______. | ATP |
| Chloroplast has its own _____________ and make its own _______. | DNA, energy |
| Ribosomes make __________. | Protein |
| Aggregate structures of cyanobacteria and microbial (bio) film that trap sediment and are the oldest fossils. | Stromalites |
| The oldest know fossils are _______________ and date to __________. | stromalites, 3.5 BYA |
| Benefits of multicellularity. | shared resources, shared info, protection/resistance, specialization/differentiation, complexity |
| Ediacaran system occurred when? | 635 - 540 MYA |
| Ediacaran system was a heterogeneous mix of different groups of complex organisms including possible _______________, ____________, and ___________ as well as ___________ lineages. | poriferans, cnidarians, bilaterians, extinct |
| Cambrian explosion occurred when? | 550 MYA |
| Possible links to the Cambrian explosion. | Snowball earth - oxygen |
| Cores must ___________ before magnetic field will develop. | stabilize |
| Magnetic field protects from ____________. | radiation |
| _________________ Theory states that life originated from non-living matter through natural processes, such as the combination of simple organic compounds. | Abiogenesis |
| Background extinction rate. | 1 extinct species per 10k species per 100 years. |
| Mass extinction must have a higher extinction rate than __________ extinction rate. | background |
| The Great Dying occurred when? | 250 MYA |
| What percentage of species went extinct during the Great Dying? | 90% |
| When did the KT Extinction occur? What Period was that? | 66 MYA, Cretaceous |
| What famously went extinct during the KT Extinction? | dinosaurs |
| What percent of all species died during the KT Extinction? | 50% |
| How long did it take for the Earth to fully recover from the KT Extinction? | 300,000 years |
| Do generalists or specialists survive the best during an extinction event? | generalists |
| What are the causes of the current extinction? | habitat loss, human introduced invasive species, climate change, pollution, hunting and exploitation |
| Temperature sex determination (TSD) happens in ________. | reptiles |
| In reptiles with TSD how is sex determined? | egg temperature |
| Proportion of __________ goes down with higher temperatures in reptiles with TSD. | males |
| Carl Linnaeus proposed what in his book Systema Naturae in 1735? | organization scheme |
| Binomial nomenclature, or scientific name of life, includes what 2 categories? | genus, species |
| List the current classification system in order from broadest to narrowest. | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| Phylogeny shows | evolutionary relatedness |
| A _________ shows branching orders of organisms and the branch lengths are meaningless. | cladogram |
| A _________ shows branching orders of organisms where the branch length infers time. | phylogram |
| In phylograms the ________ the branch, the closer the relatedness. | closer |
| When determining the phylogeny of an organism, an ______________ is necessary to show that it is accurate. | outgroup |
| Monophyletic group = | can be removed from the tree with a single cut |
| Paraphyletic group = | includes the common ancestor and some, but not all, of the descendants |
| Polyphyletic group = | does not include the common ancestor of the group |
| Synamorphies = | derived trait shared by common ancestry |
| The __________ species concept states that if 2 individuals can successfully mate and produce fertile offspring they are the same species. | biological |
| Are there any exceptions to the biological species concept? | yes |
| If mating with another species produces fertile offspring, it is probably a ____________. | subspecies |
| hybrid vigor = | when hybrid offspring out compete parents |
| Reinfocement hybrids (looks like a y) = | hybrid is less fit than parents and the 2 species continue to diverge until hybridization no longer occurs |
| Fusion hybrid (looks like a Christmas tree) = | hybrid reproductive barriers weaken until the 2 become 1 species |
| Stability hybrid ( looks like a y with parallel lines on top) = | fit hybrids continue to be reproduced but they don't become one species. |
| Reproductive Isolating Mechanism include _____________ and __________ isolation. | pre zygotic, post zygotic |
| a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics, but that can successfully interbreed | subspecies |
| Breeds refers to | a specific group of domestic animals with distinct characteristic |
| Varieties in species refers to | different forms within a breed, often distinguished by traits like color or size. |
| If the scientific name of an organism has 3 names it is a __________. | subspecies |
| Darwin believed in monogenism which states that | all humans come from the same common ancestor and variety came via natural selection |
| All humans are _________% similar. | 99.9 |
| Species diversity is a measure of diversity of species represented in an ________ community or __________ area. | ecological, geographical |
| H and D indicies are calculations of | species richness and evenness. |
| Species richness is a number or %. | number |
| Species evenness is a number or %. | % |
| The high the H or D indices number the _______________ the diversity value | greater |
| Latitudinal Diversity Gradient shows that there is a _____________ in number of species as you move away from the equator. | decrease |
| Do all things fit into the abiotic and biotic groups? | No |
| Are viruses cells? why? | no, because no membrane and no nucleus |
| What does the protein coat of a virus surround? | nucleic acids |
| Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites which means what? | They are not self sustaining and the live inside a cell of the host |
| Once a virus is inside a host cell, the virus DNA or RNA can do what? | link up with the host DNA and replicate. |
| Viruses have a very small genome size and so they mutate within what time period? | months |
| Zoonotic diseases are what? What does this usually refer to? | viruses in host organism that jump to another host. Viruses that jump from animals to humans. |
| Prions are | infectious proteins |
| All living cells have | cell membrane |
| Animals don't have these 2 walls around the cell membrane, but plants, funghi and bacteria have them. | Cell wall, capsule or a slime layer |
| What is an extension of bacteria cell membrane? | Pili |
| 3 morphological shapes of bacteria with example. | rodlike - bacillus, spherical - coccus, spiral - spirillum |
| When bacteria reproduce asexually, it is called ________ ____________. | binary fission |
| Bacteria can divide exponentially every ________________ minutes. | 20 |
| What are the 3 types of Protista? | fungus like, plant like, animal like |
| Phytoplankton is a _______________. | plant like protist. |
| Phytoplankton and cyanobacteria produce of ______ % of oxygen on Earth. | 70 |
| Golden-brown algae that secrete silica and thus are said to live in glass houses. | Diatoms |
| Animal like protista that is highly mobile, heterotrophic and moves via various structures. | protozoa |
| What are the modes of movement of protozoa? | cilia, flagellum, pseudopods |
| This protist is both plant and animal like. | Euglena |
| How does a euglena move? | flagellum |
| Paramecium is an _________- like protista that moves with __________. | animal, cilia |
| Fungi, like arthropods, have ____________, not cellulose like plants or keratin like animals. | chitin |
| Fungi have specialized _____________ underground called __________ which secrets enzymes and consumes nutrients. | hyphae, mycelium |
| The mushroom body is the ___________ structure. | reproductive |
| Zygomycota is also called _________ fungus and its common name is __________ and ___________ ___________. | zygote, fruit, bread, mold |
| Ascomycota is also called _________ fungus. | sac |
| What is the structure in sac fungus where the single cell ascospores develop. | asci |
| What are the names of the asexual reproductive structures on sac fungus? | conidophores, conidospores |
| Basidiomycota is also called _________ fungus. | club |
| Club fungi common name | mushroom |
| Fungi are _________ because they break down dead organic matter with ______________ and absorb the nutrients. | decomposers, enzymes |
| What is the name of the organism that is a symbiotic relationship between fungus and algae? | lichen |
| What is the name of the fungus that is an insect parasite and takes over the insect eventually killing them? | cordyceps |
| Mycorrhizae has a ________ relationship with most land plants. Where does it grow in the plant? | mutualistic, inside the cells |
| Plants first appeared on land approximately _________ MYA. | 700 |
| Plants colonize transition zones (shorelines/coasts) __________ MYA | 435 |
| What plant colonized the transition zones first? | Charaphytes |
| How much oxygen was in the air during the Cambrian Period? What was the result to insects? | 35%, they were much bigger |
| The first flowering plants appeared _____ MYA. | 138 |
| Scientific name for flowering plants | angiosperms |
| Photosynthesis formula. | water + carbon dioxide + sunlight = glucose + oxygen |
| The evaporation of water from a plant when it opens its stoma to breathe, get carbon dioxide, and lose water. | evapotranspiration |
| A hydrophytic leaf on a water plant has its stoma where? | on top |
| What holds a hydrophytic leaf solid/unsoggy? | sclereid |
| Who wrote the first book on carnivorous plants? | Darwin |
| Charles Darwin's Book | On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection |
| What year was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection published? | 1859 |
| According to Darwin, all living things came from a ________ _________. | common ancestor |
| According to Darwin, the diversity of life is explained by _____________ with modification by the mechanism of ______________ ______________. | descent, natural selection |
| 2 major Darwinian themes | adaptation, speciation |
| Microevolution | adaptation |
| Macroevolution | speciation |
| Descent with modification by natural selection | Darwin's definition of evolution |
| 3 kinds of selection | artificial, natural, sexual |
| If ______________ _______________ are strong, evolution can _________ ____________ ___________. | selective pressures, occur very rapidly |
| Environment ___________ induce the mutation but plays a role in its ____________. | doesn't, continuation |
| Term for when one male mates with many females. | Polygymy |
| Term for when one female mates with many males. | Polyandry |
| When environmental quality is low, is monogamy or polygamy more common? | Monogamy |
| When environmental quality is high, is monogamy or polygamy more common? | Polygamy |
| Measurement of reproductive success | Evolutionary fitness |
| Tenet of evolution is __________ are born than __________. | more, survive |
| Direct fitness (offspring) + indirect fitness (relatives) = | inclusive (total) fitness |
| Evolution is not linear, it is a _____________ ________________. | branching tree |
Created by:
mbruzzano