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PATHO GIT

QuestionAnswer
Increase in wall stress Esophageal dysmotility
Fibrous thickening of the submucosa, due to inflammation and scarring Benign Esophageal Stenosis:
Distal esophageal inhibitory neuronal ganglion cell degeneration Increased tone, inability to relax the LES and esophageal aperistalsis Primary ACHALASIA
Chagas disease (caused by Trypanosoma cruzi parasite) Destruction of myenteric plexus, failure of peristalsis, and esophageal dilatation Secondary ACHALASIA
Most frequent cause of esophagitis. Due to conditions that increase abdominal pressure or decrease lower esophageal sphincter tone GERD or REFLUX ESOPHAGITIS
Complication of chronic GERD, precursor lesion (has potential to turn into cancer) Tongues or patches of red, velvety mucosa Barret esophagus
Arise from Barrett esophagus Progressive weight loss, Hematemesis, Chest pain, Vomiting MORPHOLOGY: Flat or raised patches, Diffuse infiltration or ulceration Adenocarcinoma
Absent inflammatory cells, due to edema, and vascular congestion corkscrew foveolar cell hyperplasia Gastrophy / Acute gastritis
Most common (90%) cause of antral chronic gastritis Increased acid production ⇒ gastric adeno Carcinoma Helicobacter Pylori gastritis
Most common cause of diffuse atrophic gastritis Reduced serum pepsinogen I concentration. Defective gastric acid secretion (achlorhydria) Autoimmune atrophic gastritis
Peptic ulcer disease caused by chronic H. pylori gastritis Leads to too much acid and less bicarbonate (protection) in the duodenum. Gastric antral or Duodenal PUD
Peptic ulcer disease caused by mucosal atrophy (thinning/weakening of stomach lining). Gastric fundal ulcer
“Weak spot” any weakness or defect in the abdominal wall Permit protrusion of a serosa-lined pouch of peritoneum Most frequent cause of intestinal obstruction worldwide Hernia
Due to Surgical procedures, infection, or other causes of peritoneal inflammation Fibrous bridges create closed loops through which other viscera may slide and become entrapped, resulting in internal herniation. Adhesion / Adhesive
Defective absorption of fats, fat & water-soluble vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, electrolytes & minerals, & water. Hallmark: steatorrhea. Malabsorption
Defined as an increase in stool mass, frequency, or fluidity, typically greater than 200 g per day. Diarrhea
Severe diarrhea caused by the toxin released by the bacteria. Abrupt onset of watery diarrhea and vomiting voluminous stools resemble rice water and can be described as having a fishy odor. Cholera
From undercooked meat & meat products, & raw or contaminated milk. Important cause of traveler’s diarrhea and food poisoning Campylobacter enteritis
Humans are the only known reservoir Remains one of the most common causes of bloody diarrhea. Resistant to gastric acid> therefore, has a low infective dose. shigellosis
Gastroenteritis Enteric Fever Salmonellosis
severe inflammation of the colon, caused by an overgrowth of Clostridioides difficile bacteria, typically following antibiotic use Pseudomembranous colitis
Icosahedral virus with a single-stranded RNA genome, with spikes on its surface Known as the norwalk virus M/c cause of diarrhea worldwide blunts the villi and shortens the microvilli > disrupting absorption of nutrients by brush border Norovirus
Encapsulated virus with a segmented, double-stranded RNA genome Highly prevalent and a significant cause of diarrheal deaths worldwide Rotavirus
Embryonated eggs containing larvae; through ingestion ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
Filariform larvae (stage 3); via penetration on skin STRONGYLOIDIASIS
Cercariae; via penetration from freshwater SCHISTOSOMIASIS
Mature cyst; via ingestion AMEBIASIS
Persistently elevated venous pressure within the hemorrhoidal plexus Predisposing influences: Hemorrhoids
Created by: nixieee
 

 



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