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Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chambers of the heart | Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle |
| Heart valves | Tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, mitral/bicuspid, aortic semi lunar |
| Function of heart valves | To ensure one way blood flow |
| Blood flow through the heart | Body, RA, RV, lungs, LA, LV, body |
| Systemic circuit | Heart, body, heart |
| Pulmonary circuit | Heart, lungs, heart |
| Pacemaker cells | SA node cells that spontaneously depolarized to set heart rate |
| Cardiac conduction pathway | SA node, AV note, AV bundle, bundle branches, purkinje fibers |
| Cardiac output definition | Amount of blood pumped per minute |
| Formula for cardiac output | Heart rate x stroke volume |
| Difference between arteries and veins | Arteries are thick and contain high pressure while veins are thin and low pressure with valves |
| Elastic artery function | Pressure reserve, closest to the heart |
| Muscular arteries function | Distribute blood to organs |
| Arterioles function | Control blood pressure via diameter changes |
| How diameter affects flow? | Lower diameter means less resistance, which means more flow |
| How pressure affects flow | Higher pressure means more flow |
| Capillary structure | One cell thick walls |
| Capillary exchange processes | Diffusion osmosis filtration |
| Major blood cell types | RBC, WBC, platelets |
| Function of RBC’s | They transport O2 and CO2 |
| Function of WBC | Immunity and defense |
| Function of platelets | Blood clotting |
| How is oxygen transported? | Binds to hemoglobin |
| How is carbon dioxide transported? | Dissolved, bicarbonate ions, or on hemoglobin |
| Steps of blood clotting | Platelets plug, fibroid mesh, clot |
| Blood antigen definition | Molecule on RBC surface that determines blood type |
| Blood antigen definition | Proteins in plasma that attack foreign antigens |
| Flow of lymph | Tissue fluid, lymph, capillaries, vessels, ducts, bloodstream |
| Lymphatic tissues | Tonsils, MALT |
| Lymphatic organs | Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus |
| Innate immunity | Fast, nonspecific defenses |
| Adaptive immunity | Slow, specific, memory base defenses |
| Primary immune response | First exposure, slow, low antibody levels |
| Secondary immune response | Fast and strong due to memory cells |
| T cell function | Cell mediated, immunity, kill, infected cells, active immune cells |
| Where do T cells mature? | Thymus |
| B cell function | Produce antibodies, become plasma and memory cells |
| Where do B cells mature? | Bone marrow |
| Respiratory track pathway | Nose, pharynx , larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
| Function of alveoli | Main site of gas exchange |
| Inspiration mechanism | Diaphragm contracts and lungs expand |
| Expiration mechanism | Diaphragm relaxes and lungs recoil |
| Title volume definition | Normal breathing volume |
| Gas exchange at lungs | 02 enters blood, CO2 leaves blood |
| How oxygen is transported? | Hemoglobin |
| How carbon dioxide is transported? | Bicarbonate, dissolved, HB binding |
| Digestive organs and function | Mouth (chew), stomach(mix + acid), small intestine(absorb), large intestine(water absorption) |
| Mechanical digestion definition | Physical breakdown of food |
| Chemical digestion definition | Enzymes breaking chemical bonds |
| Where does most absorption occur? | Small intestine |
| Structures for absorption | Villi and microvilli |
| Metabolism definition | All chemical reactions in the body |
| Anabolism definition | Building molecules, requires energy |
| Catabolism definition | Breaking molecules, release energy |
| Carbohydrate monomers | Monosaccharides |
| Protein monomers | Amino acids |
| Lipid monomers | Fatty acids |
| Nucleic acid monomers | Nucleotides |
| Absorptive state | Nutrients stored after eating |
| Postabsorptive state | Body uses stored nutrients |
| Macronutrients | Carbs, proteins, lipids |
| Micronutrients | Vitamins, minerals |
| Urinary organs | Kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra |
| Urinary function | Remove waste, regulate water, ions, pH, BP |
| Kidney anatomy | Cortex, medulla, pyramids, renal pelvis |
| Nephron processes | Filtration, reabsorption, secretion |
| Filtration definition | Blood, nephron |
| reabsorption | Nephron, blood |
| Secretion definition | Blood, nephron |
| Urine formation | Combination of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion |
| Percent of body water | 60 |
| ICF | Fluid inside cells |
| ECF | Plasma, ICF |
| Major body ions | Na, K, Ca2, Cl,HCO |
| pH regulation systems | Buffers, kidneys,lungs |
| Purpose of meiosis | Produce haploid gametes |
| Male reproductive function | Produce and transport sperm, make testosterone |
| Spermatogenesis pathway | Spermatogonium, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte,spermatid, sperm |
| Female reproductive function | Produce oocytes,support fetus, make estrogen/ progesterone |
| Oogenesis | Egg formation, starts before birth and completes at fertilization |
| Ovarian cycle phases | Follicular, ovulation, luteal |
| Uterine cycle phases | Menstrual, proliferation, secretory |
| Fertilization definition | Sperm + egg fuse to form zygote |
| Implantation | Embryo embeds in uterine lining |
| Prenatal periods | Pre-embryonic (0-2) embryonic( 3-8) fetal(9 birth) |
| Stages of labor | Dilation, explosion, placental stage |
| Hypothalamic- hypophyseal portal system | Blood connection delivering hormones to anterior pituitary |
| Tier one control | Hypothalamus releasing hormones |
| Tier 2 control | Anterior pituitary releasing hormones |
| Tier 3 control | Target organs releasing final hormones |
| Anterior pituitary hormones | TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, PRL |
| Posterior pituitary hormones | ADH, oxytocin |
| Thyroid hormones | T3, T4 (metabolism), calcitonin (lower Ca2) |
| Parathyroid hormone | PTH (raises Ca2) |
| Adrenal cortex hormone | Cortisol, Aldosterone |
| Adrenal medulla hormones | Epinephrine,norepinephrine |
| Secondary endocrine organs | Kidneys, pancreas, heart, adipose tissue, Gi tract |
Created by:
Tristenshirley12