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Maddie Boucher 3.1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| water | a vital, clear liquid (H₂O) made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom |
| capillary action | a liquid's ability to flow in narrow spaces against gravity, driven by adhesion (sticking to surfaces) and cohesion (sticking to itself), pulling the liquid upward |
| cohesion | the act or state of sticking or working together to form a united whole |
| adhesion | the tendency of different substances or surfaces to stick to one another due to attractive molecular forces |
| property | anything, tangible or intangible, that can be owned by a person or entity, affording them legal rights to possess, use, and transfer it |
| polarity | the condition of having two opposite qualities, tendencies, or poles |
| transfer | move something or someone from one place, person, or situation to another. |
| energy | the capacity to do work, cause change, or make things happen, existing in various forms like kinetic (motion) or potential (stored) and constantly transforming between types but never created or destroyed |
| atmosphere | the layer of gases surrounding a planet or other celestial body, held in place by gravity |
| hydrosphere | the total amount of water on a planet, including water on the surface, underground, and in the air |
| climate | the average weather pattern in a place over a long period (usually 30+ years), describing typical conditions like temperature and rainfall |
| convection | the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases) where warmer, less dense parts rise, and cooler, denser parts sink, creating a continuous circulating current that distributes heat |
| freeze | to change from a liquid to a solid due to cold temperatures |
| dissolve | to become or cause something to become integrated into a liquid to form a solution, or to officially end an organization, agreement, or relationship |
| specific heat capacity | the energy needed to raise the temperature of one unit of mass (like 1 gram or 1 kg) of a substance by one degree (Celsius or Kelvin) |
| solid | a state of matter that has a definite shape and volume. Its particles are tightly packed and can only vibrate in fixed positions, giving it structural rigidity and making it hard to compress |
| liquid | a state of matter that has a definite volume but no fixed shape, meaning it flows and takes the shape of its container. Its particles are close together but can move past one another. |
| gas | a state of matter that has no fixed shape or volume and expands indefinitely to fill its container. |
| solute | the substance that gets dissolved in another substance (the solvent) to form a solution |
| solvent | a substance (usually a liquid) that dissolves another substance (a solute) to form a solution. |
| solution | homogeneous mixture of two or more substances (solute and solvent). |
| surface tension | the cohesive force between liquid molecules that creates a thin, elastic "skin" on the surface |
| water cycle | Earth's continuous process of recycling water, moving it from the surface to the atmosphere and back through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation, driven by solar energy and gravity, changing states from liquid to vapor to solid and back again |
| kelvin scale | an absolute temperature scale used in science |
| absolute scale | a measurement system with a true zero point (like absolute zero for temperature) and no negative values |
| universal solvent | a substance, most commonly water, that can dissolve a wide variety of other substances |
| homogeneous solution | a uniform mixture where components are evenly distributed and indistinguishable, having the same composition throughout, like salt water or air, with particles too small to see |
| heterogeneous solution | has a non-uniform composition where different components remain visibly separate, can be distinguished, and often settle out or exist in different phases |
| examples of heterogeneous solutions | sand in water, oil and water, salad, or chicken noodle soup |
| examples of homogeneous solutions | saltwater, air, vinegar, coffee, or alloys (steel, brass). |
| example of cohesion | Water forming a dome over a full glass or raindrops beading up |
| example of adhesion | Water drops sticking to a window, paint clinging to a wall, or a Post-it note sticking to a surface |
| example of surface tension | water striders walking on water or raindrops forming spheres |
| example of capillary action | how a paper towel soaks up a spill, drawing water upwards against gravity through tiny spaces |
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